“…The marine environment including seafloor, deep water and shorelines is the most frequent location where microplastics end up (Sarma et al, 2022). The microplastics are present from polar regions to the equator, from offshore to deep ocean (Coyle et al, 2020;Pourebrahimi and Pirooz, 2023), and are distributed in seawater (Yan et al, 2019;Huang et al, 2024;Mia et al, 2024), sediments (Gupta et al, 2024;Huang et al, 2024;Ou et al, 2024;Zhu et al, 2018), and marine organisms (Teng et al, 2019;Sun et al, 2024). The major sources of ocean microplastics are the break or decomposition of marine plastic waste, import of river-based and land-based waste, plastic waste from marine tourism and shipping, devices of fishing and aquaculture, atmospheric deposition and other sources (Dong et al, 2021).…”