“…In the first report of this phenomenon, that of Browne et al (2011), 1900 microfibres/wash/garment was the estimated release; later studies have used more exact measurements, such as mg.kg À1 , microfibres.m-2 (see Table 1). The effects of variables such as type of textile, detergent, temperature and washing action have been determined, some of them using special small simulation machines, in which parameters can be specified and held constant (e.g., Hernandez et al, 2017;Carney Almroth et al, 2018), whilst others (e.g., Lant et al, 2020;Dalla Fontana et al, 2020;Galvão et al, 2020; K€ arkk€ ainen and Sillanp€ a€ a 2021) have employed domestic washers of various types. Such studies can give useful insights into the effects of changes in laundry procedures and could be useful in the development of a standard test method.…”