MicroRNAs and exosomes: Small molecules with big actions in multiple myeloma pathogenesis

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable hematologic malignancy of plasma cells increasing in the bone marrow (BM), has a complex microenvironment made to support proliferation, survival, and drug resistance of tumor cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non‐coding RNAs regulating genes expression at posttranscriptional level, have been indicated to be functionally deregulated or abnormally expressed in MM cells. Moreover, by means of miRNAs, tumor microenvironment also modulates the function of MM cells. Consistently, it has been demonstrated that miRNA levels regulation impairs their interaction with the microenvironment of BM as well as create considerable antitumor feature even capable of overcoming the protective BM milieu. Communication between cancer stromal cells and cancer cells is a key factor in tumor progression. Finding out this interaction is important to develop effective approaches that reverse bone diseases. Exosomes, nano‐vehicles having crucial roles in cell‐to‐cell communication, through targeting their cargos (i.e., miRNAs, mRNAs, DNAs, and proteins), are implicated in MM pathogenesis.

Role of exosomes in malignant glioma: microRNAs and proteins in pathogenesis and diagnosis

“…Although some miRNAs can interact with Ago to bind their target mRNA inside the cell, others must be transported to MVBs via RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and finally loaded into exosomes and secreted from the plasma membrane ( Fig. 2 ) [17]. Evaluation of the exosomal miRNA profile derived from cardiac fibroblasts showed high amounts of various miRNA passenger strands [34].…”

Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs Contribute to the Osteogenic Inhibition of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple Myeloma

“…Numerous observations indicate that EVs play a crucial role in MM pathogenesis [12,13] by affecting endothelial cell functions [14][15][16][17], enhancing tumor cell proliferation [18], and promoting immunosuppression [14,19]. In addition, EVs that contain miRNAs may be an important means of cell-cell communication within the MM tumor microenvironment [20]. Recent studies have shown that MM cell-derived EVs play a relevant functional role in activating osteoclast differentiation [21][22][23] and that the presence of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin is partially responsible for OC activation [21].…”

Potential Roles of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment to Prognosis

“…MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are notoriously involved in PD pathogenesis, and can be packaged in exosomes. Exosomes and miRNAs form a network that, both individually and synergistically, participates in the pathogenesis of PD among several other diseases (Mirzaei et al, 2017;Li et al, 2018;Saeedi Borujeni et al, 2018;Pourhanifeh et al, 2019).…”