MicroRNAs: Potential mediators between particulate matter 2.5 and Th17/Treg immune disorder in primary membranous nephropathy

Abstract

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN), is an autoimmune glomerular disease and the main reason of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Studies have confirmed that the incidence of PMN increases yearly and is related to fine air pollutants particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure. These imply that PM2.5 may be associated with exposure to PMN-specific autoantigens, such as the M-type receptor for secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2R1). Emerging evidence indicates that Th17/Treg turns to imbalance under PM2.5 exposure, but the molecular mechanism of this process in PMN has not been elucidated. As an important indicator of immune activity in multiple diseases, Th17/Treg immune balance is sensitive to antigens and cellular microenvironment changes. These immune pathways play an essential role in the disease progression of PMN. Also, microRNAs (miRNAs) are susceptible to external environmental stimulation and play link role between the environment and immunity. The contribution of PM2.5 to PMN may induce Th17/Treg imbalance through miRNAs and then produce epigenetic affection. We summarize the pathways by which PM2.5 interferes with Th17/Treg immune balance and attempt to explore the intermediary roles of miRNAs, with a particular focus on the changes in PMN. Meanwhile, the mechanism of PM2.5 promoting PLA2R1 exposure is discussed. This review aims to clarify the potential mechanism of PM2.5 on the pathogenesis and progression of PMN and provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

Uncovering the biological mechanism of acupuncture alleviating diabetic nephropathy through homeostasis regulation the of intestinal flora and T lymphocytes

“…Meanwhile, it causes disorder of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells in rat intestinal and kidney tissues, but without signi cant differences. The Th17/Treg cell ratio correlates with the in ammatory response and the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the body [39]. Analysis of Th17/Treg showed that DN modelling leads to an immune imbalance in the kidney and gut and consequently induces the activation and transfer of in ammatory factors, leading to increased kidney injury.…”

Pollution Characteristics of Different Components of PM2.5 in Taiyuan during 2017–2020 Wintertime and Their Toxicity Effects on HepG2 Cells

“…The liver can metabolize and decompose endogenous and exogenous substances, and lipid metabolism disorders can cause fatty liver, hepatitis and other liver diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that PM 2.5 is not only closely related to cardiopulmonary diseases, the immune system and the nervous system [14][15][16], but also related to the incidence of liver cancer. Studies have shown that PM 2.5 and its binding compounds are deposited and metabolized in the liver, which may eventually cause liver damage [17].…”