“…Cells are the basic unit of living organisms. It is awfully difficult to measure the complex change of cells in response to the environment and during various cellular processes, such as cell growth, communication, adhesion, and detachment. ,− Since most cell–cell interactions involve membranes, lipid bilayer membranes are often used as model protocells for study. − To address these challenges, in this section, we mainly discuss recent significant findings derived from QCM-D studies on cell–molecule interactions using cells or lipid membranes as model systems.…”