Microstructure evolution in metastable β titanium alloy subjected to deep cryogenic treatment

Gu, Kai; Zhao, Bing; Weng, Zeju; Wang, Kai‐Kai; Cai, Huikun; Wang, Junjie

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2018.03.003

Cited by 51 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…An investigation was conducted to examine the effects of DCT, prior and after ageing, on microstructural evolution, microhardness, and tensile property variations of TB8 metastable β titanium alloy [111]. It was observed that conventional solution treatment followed by DCT resulted in a higher degree of super-cooling and internal stress through lattice shrinkage, which fosters the formation of needle-like α phase in the martensite matrix and furnishes a higher fraction of α phase during ageing treatment.…”

Section: Effects Of Dct On Microstructure and Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between Microstructural Alteration, Mechanical Properties and Manufacturability after Cryogenic Treatment: A Review

2019

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Cryogenic treatment is a supplemental structural and mechanical properties refinement process to conventional heat treatment processes, quenching, and tempering. Cryogenic treatment encourages the improvement of material properties and durability by means of microstructural alteration comprising phase transfer, particle size, and distribution. These effects are almost permanent and irreversible; furthermore, cryogenic treatment is recognized as an eco-friendly, nontoxic, and nonexplosive process. In addition, to encourage the application of sustainable techniques in mechanical and manufacturing engineering and to improve productivity in current competitive markets, cryo-treatment can be considered as a promising process. However, while improvements in the properties of materials after cryogenic treatment are discussed by the majority of reported studies, the correlation between microstructural alteration and mechanical properties are unclear, and sometimes the conducted investigations are contradictory with each other. These contradictions provide different approaches to perform and combine cryogenic treatment with pre-and post-processing. The present literature survey, mainly focused on the last decade, is aimed to address the effects of cryogenic treatment on microstructural alteration and to correlate these changes with mechanical property variations as a consequence of cryo-processing. The conclusion of the current review discusses the development and outlines the trends for the future research in this field.

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Section: Effects Of Dct On Microstructure and Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between Microstructural Alteration, Mechanical Properties and Manufacturability after Cryogenic Treatment: A Review

2019

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“…A high fraction of β-stabilizing elements enhances the stability of β and lowers both the β transus temperature (the temperature above which β is the only thermodynamically stable phase) and the Ms; α-stabilizers have the opposite effect, they increase both β transus temperature and Ms [13]. Only a few studies on the effect of CT on the microstructure, and consequently, on the properties of titanium alloys are reported in the literature [14][15][16][17][18]. These studies deal with metastable β Ti alloys [16,17] and α/β Ti-6Al-4V, also known as Grade 5 Ti [14,15,18], and its low interstitial equivalent Ti-6Al-4V ELI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few studies on the effect of CT on the microstructure, and consequently, on the properties of titanium alloys are reported in the literature [14][15][16][17][18]. These studies deal with metastable β Ti alloys [16,17] and α/β Ti-6Al-4V, also known as Grade 5 Ti [14,15,18], and its low interstitial equivalent Ti-6Al-4V ELI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This characteristic behavior yields alloys with high strength and high elongation that can be classified as transformation-induced plasticity, TRIP, Ti alloys [19]. Gu et al [16] demonstrated martensite formation during CT in metastable β titanium alloy Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si. Similarly, Xu demonstrated that a martensitic transformation takes place during CT of metastable β titanium alloys Ti-10V-2Cr-3Al, Ti-10V-1Fe-3Al and Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al-B [17], with the metastable β phase that transformed into martensite upon CT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V

Yang

Villa

Dahl

et al. 2020

Applied Surface Science

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Ti-6Al-4V was (intercritically) annealed at various temperatures in the range 1000-1250 K with intervals of 50 K, followed by cooling to room temperature at an average rate of approx. 1 K.s -1 . The heat treatment procedure was intended to systematically vary the microstructure and alter the thermal stability of the β phase through the partitioning of the alloying elements between α and β phases. The annealing treatment was followed by cryogenic treatment, CT, which consisted of immersion of the samples in boiling nitrogen for durations ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours, followed by re-heating in air. The heat-treated material was characterized ex-situ applying light optical microscopy (LOM), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (S-XRD), and hardness Vickers indentation. A set of samples not subjected to cryogenic treatment was taken as reference. LOM revealed that the material's microstructure after heat treatment consisted of a fraction of primary α grains and regions of lamellar α/β structure. S-XRD showed that the fraction of retained β was largest, approx. 7%, for the material treated at the highest applied annealing temperature, i.e. 1250 K, and decreased to 2% with a reduction of the annealing temperature. Hardness values varied in the range 300-330 HV and did not show a measurable effect of the annealing temperature. The applied techniques did not reveal any measurable effect of cryogenic treatment, neither on the microstructure, nor on the hardness. Additionally, CT had no measurable effect neither on the lattice parameters of the phases, nor on the density of crystallographic defects in the material. These observations are inconsistent with literature data, which report various effects of CT on the microstructure and on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V, and are attributed to a pronounced stability of the retained β phase against its conversion into α´ martensite during CT in the present heat treatment conditions.

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“…As an extension of conventional heat treatment (CHT), deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is widely accepted nowadays to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of materials [1,2]. It has received considerable attention in the last decade and has been employed in a wide range of manufacturing industries [3], including measuring tools, precision instrument and automobile industry, to improve the wear resistance [4,5], toughness [6,7], dimensional stability [8], fatigue life [9] and favorable residual stress condition of metal materials [10]. At present, Li et al [11] found that by increasing the time and cycle number of DCT, the impact toughness and abrasive wear resistance of high-vanadium alloy steel can be further improved and the carbide contents continuously increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Analysis of the Microstructure and Stress Evolution in Cold Work Die Steel during Deep Cryogenic Treatment

Cai

Wang

et al. 2018

Materials

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Through a combination of 3D representative volume element (RVE) and the metallo-thermo-mechanical coupling finite element (FE) analysis, a multiscale model was established to explore the localized characteristics of microstructure and stress evolution during deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). The results suggest that after cooling to near −160 °C, the largest intensity of martensite is formed, but the retained austenite cannot be eliminated completely until the end of DCT. The driving force for the precipitation of fine and uniform carbides during DCT is provided by the competition between the thermal and phase transformation stresses. Compared with the thermal stress, the phase transformation stress during DCT plays a more significant role. At the interface between retained austenite and martensite, a reduction of around 15.5% retained austenite even induces an obvious increase in the phase transformation stress about 1100 MPa. During DCT, the maximum effective stress in RVE even exceeds 1000 MPa, which may provide a required driving force for the precipitation of fine and homogeneously distributed carbide particles during DCT.

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Microstructure evolution in metastable β titanium alloy subjected to deep cryogenic treatment

Cited by 51 publications

References 29 publications

Correlation between Microstructural Alteration, Mechanical Properties and Manufacturability after Cryogenic Treatment: A Review

Correlation between Microstructural Alteration, Mechanical Properties and Manufacturability after Cryogenic Treatment: A Review

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V

Multiscale Analysis of the Microstructure and Stress Evolution in Cold Work Die Steel during Deep Cryogenic Treatment

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