Microstructure evolution of diazonium functionalized graphene: A potential approach to change graphene electronic structure

Abstract

Graphene sheets were successfully functionalized with 4-nitrophenyl diazonium (NPD). Two dimensional Raman analysis demonstrated that the reaction preferred to happen on single-layer graphene rather than bi-layer or multi-layer, and the edges of graphene were more reactive than the central areas. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the aryl groups were covalently bonded to one side of the graphene basal plane in a perpendicular configuration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) manifested that the modified graphene maintained the hexagonal symmetry but its microstructure changed. The main change was that the crystal lattice expanded compared with that of pristine graphene. Meanwhile, for the first time, a crystal lattice constant d z 5.30A of functionalized graphene was obtained, which was approximately twice that of the pristine graphene's crystal lattice constant. This implied that the modified graphene had a super-lattice microstructure. Furthermore, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the modified graphene verified the formation of the super-lattice structures, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed the stability of the super-lattice structures. These modifications-elongation of crystal lattice constant and formation of super-lattice structures-may induce different electronic structures in graphene.

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Covalent nitrophenyl diazonium functionalized silicene for spintronics: a first-principles study

“…[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] For example, NPD functionalized graphene exhibits field-controlled magnetic behavior. 42,43 A recent experiment demonstrated that the NPD modification of graphene can be spatially controllable, 40 which makes the NPD functionalization technique particularly useful for tailor-made twodimensional material design.…”

Selective and sensitive furazolidone biosensor based on DNA-modified TiO 2 -reduced graphene oxide

“…Several methods have been reported to detect furazolidone, including HPLC [8], LC-MS [9], LC-MS/MS [10], ELISA [11], spectrophotometry [12] and fluorimetry [13,14]. However, most of several unique properties such as excellent electronic conductivity, high specific surface area, high mechanical-flexibility [27], high charge mobility and thermal conductivity [28,29]. Therefore, it has stimulated interest in applications for graphene-based nanocomposites including photovoltaics, phtocatalysis, nanoelectronics, and sensors [29].…”