Microvesicles as a potential biomarker of neoplastic diseases and their role in development and progression of neoplasm

Abstract

Neoplastic diseases together with cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent causes of death in the Polish population. Cancers of reproductive organs with breast cancer are responsible for the highest morbidity and mortality in women suffering from neoplasm diseases. Asymptomatic dynamics of the development of a neoplasm and no deviations from the normal level of laboratory results contribute to the fact that malignant diseases are diagnosed too late. The aim of modern medicine is to diagnose cancer at the earliest stage, however, there is no sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarker which can be used for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.Cellular interactions play the main role in the development, angiogenesis and invasiveness of a tumor. Recent research suggests the possibility of microvesicles (MVs) involvement in communication between cells. The MVs ability to fuse with various cells is used in cell-to-cell contact. Microvesicles cargo may include growth factors, their receptors, protease, adhesion molecules, signaling molecules and the sequence of DNA, mRNA, and micro-RNA. Larger quantities of MVs released from neoplastic cells affect both the local environment and systematic range causing metastases and progression. The research on molecular mechanisms of MVs’ release and the presence of characteristic oncogenes in blood of patients with neoplasms is being carried out. Confirmation of MVs presence in patients’ serum can potentially serve as useful information for therapeutic purposes and as the biomarker of a neoplastic disease.

Extracellular vesicles as novel drug delivery systems to target cancer and other diseases: Recent advancements and future perspectives

“…: 25 Presence of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface (externalization) along with Annexin, FasL/FasR, TNFα/ TNFR1Apo2L/DR5 21 Contents MHC, miRNA, Non-coding RNA 27 Cytoplasmic protein, Membrane proteins, Receptor proteins, miRNA, mRNA 28 Various cell organelles, DNA, Nuclear fractions. 29 Biomarkers TSPAN29, TSPAN30, CD81, CD82, CD9 TSG101, CD63 30 Integrins, selectins, metalloproteinase 31 Annexin V positive and phospatidylserine (PS) 32 glycoprotein) peptide of rabies virus fused to LAMP-2B was effectively delivered to acetylcholine receptors and hence delivered drugs to specific areas of the brain. This has been used in targeted therapy of Alzheimer's disease and it also helps in neurogenesis.…”

Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Human Reproduction

“…The latest study has proved that there is a difference in the expression of exosomes in the blood of patients with OC and normal people, and the expression in the body fluid of patients with OC is related to the stage of the tumor [99]. A total of 1017 co-expressed proteins were screened from the exosomes secreted by two kinds of OC cells, among which tubulin beta 3 class III (TUBB3), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), claudin 3 (CLDN3), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were highly enriched in tumor-related signal pathways.…”

The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of exosomes in epithelial ovarian cancer

“…Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can transport enzymes from EOC cells. Furthermore, an increased level of exosomes in the peritoneal fluid has been found to be correlated with tumor progression [ 18 , 19 ], indicating that the level of exosomes in the blood is correlated with the stage of OC. Thus, exosomes themselves and their contents have potential as tumor-specific markers.…”