Microwave-assisted extraction as an effective method for the debromination of brominated flame retarded polymeric blends with a composition that simulates the plastic part of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE)

Charitopoulou, Maria Anna; Papadopoulou, Lambrini; Achilias, Dimitris S.

doi:10.1016/j.scp.2022.100790

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For instance, Zhang and Zhang [ 22 ] found that polymers’ structures were unchanged after being subjected to solvothermal treatments, as shown by the application of FTIR analysis. Likewise, in our previous study [ 33 ], FTIR analysis was conducted on polymeric blends before and after microwave-assisted extraction and it was shown that the extraction did not alter their structure, which was maintained. This is a very important observation, since when applying a pretreatment—debromination method to brominated plastics from WEEE—it is desirable to remove the BFR incorporated into the polymers without influencing their structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

2023

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The increasing volume of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) nowadays is of major concern since the various toxic compounds that are formed during their handling enhance the difficulties in recycling them. To overcome these problems, this work examines solvent extraction as a pretreatment method, prior to thermochemical recycling by pyrolysis. The aim is to remove bromine from some polymeric blends, with a composition that simulates WEEE, in the presence of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Various solvents—isopropanol, ethanol and butanol—as well as several extraction times, were investigated in order to find the optimal choice. Before and after the pretreatment, blends were analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to estimate the total bromine content. Blends were pyrolyzed before and after the soxhlet extraction in order to evaluate the derived products. FTIR measurements of the polymeric blends before and after the soxhlet extraction showed that their structure was maintained. From the results obtained, it was indicated that the reduction of bromine was achieved in all cases tested and it was ~34% for blend I and ~46% and 42% for blend II when applying a 6 h soxhlet with isopropanol and ethanol, respectively. When using butanol bromine was completely eliminated, since the reduction reached almost 100%. The latter finding is of great importance, since the complete removal of bromine enables the recycling of pure plastics. Therefore, the main contribution of this work to the advancement of knowledge lies in the use of a solvent (i.e., butanol) which is environmentally friendly and with a high dissolving capacity in brominated compounds, which can be used in a pretreatment stage of plastic wastes before it is recycled by pyrolysis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

2023

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“…Higher amounts TBBPA was recovered by using isopropanol/hexane [ 146 ]. Similarly, MAE was utilized to remove TBBPA from plastic waste within 30 min using hexane/Isopropanol and hexane/ethanol with recovery rate greater than 73% [ 147 ]. The introduction of ultrasound and microwave energy into QuEChERS technique increased the efficiency of extracting bisphenols including TBBPA significantly in serum and sediment samples [ 148 ].…”

Section: Emerging Methods For Tetrabromobisphenol a Detection And Tre...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Tetrabromobisphenol A: Human Biomonitoring, Toxicity, Detection and Treatment in the Environment

et al. 2023

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Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a known endocrine disruptor employed in a range of consumer products and has been predominantly found in different environments through industrial processes and in human samples. In this review, we aimed to summarize published scientific evidence on human biomonitoring, toxic effects and mode of action of TBBPA in humans. Interestingly, an overview of various pretreatment methods, emerging detection methods, and treatment methods was elucidated. Studies on exposure routes in humans, a combination of detection methods, adsorbent-based treatments and degradation of TBBPA are in the preliminary phase and have several limitations. Therefore, in-depth studies on these subjects should be considered to enhance the accurate body load of non-invasive matrix, external exposure levels, optimal design of combined detection techniques, and degrading technology of TBBPA. Overall, this review will improve the scientific comprehension of TBBPA in humans as well as the environment, and the breakthrough for treating waste products containing TBBPA.

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“…Certain BFRs exhibit physicochemical and biological characteristics that have led to their classification as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention. In addition, there are other BFRs that, despite not having been classified within this group to date, are considered to be hazardous and/or ecotoxic, as is the case of TBBP-A (tetrabromobisphenol A), which is widely used in EEE ( [2][3][4]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Challenge of Plastic Management for Waste Electrical and Electric Equipment Recycling in the Global South: A Case Comparison between Europe and Latin America

Chaine,

Hursthouse,

McLellan

et al. 2023

Recycling

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Countries with emerging legislation on the waste electrical and electric equipment (WEEE), but limited infrastructure, may find in other, more robust, systems the tools to develop adaptable and socioeconomically viable management schemes. Additives found in the plastics in electronic goods, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are components of a safety system, but introduce characteristics that result in their waste being hazardous. Established and emerging regulatory systems need to implement legislation that impacts the management of WEEE, to reduce risks to human health and the environment, while maximising opportunities for resource recovery from widely varying materials. To assess the context of developed and emerging regulatory systems, a baseline study was undertaken of WEEE plastics in Scotland and Uruguay. For the identification of BFRs in plastics, an internationally validated screening methodology using X-ray fluorescence was adopted at different processing operations. It was observed that, using a threshold of 830 mg/kg for Br as a BFR tracer, in Scotland, more than 70% of the plastics would be recyclable, while, in Uruguay, that fraction dropped to 50%. These results, and the wider literature discussion, highlight the impact that regulatory frameworks have on the quality and recyclability of recovered material. We identify future actions to be considered by policy-makers for a more sustainable regulatory approach.

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Microwave-assisted extraction as an effective method for the debromination of brominated flame retarded polymeric blends with a composition that simulates the plastic part of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE)

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

A Review on Tetrabromobisphenol A: Human Biomonitoring, Toxicity, Detection and Treatment in the Environment

The Challenge of Plastic Management for Waste Electrical and Electric Equipment Recycling in the Global South: A Case Comparison between Europe and Latin America

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