Migration, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C

Carballo, Manuel; Cody, Rowan; Kelly, Megan M.; Hatzakis, Angelos

doi:10.1002/9781118637272.ch37

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Although serological screening for chronic hepatitis B is not routinely conducted in immigrants entering Canada [ 3 , 30 ], in light of evidence suggesting an estimated 58% to 72% of all HBsAg carriers to be first-generation immigrants [ 31 ] and that the majority of chronically-infected Canadians are born abroad [ 1 ], it is suspected that continuous immigration from HBV endemic areas is contributing to a flattened or possibly rising prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in Canada [ 25 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Canada

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveThe prevalence and distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Canada is not known. Genotypic analysis may contribute to a better understanding of HBV strain distribution and transmission risk.MethodsHBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive samples of acute (n = 152) and chronic (n = 1533) HBV submitted for strain analysis or reference genotype testing between 2006 and 2012 were analyzed. The HBsAg coding region was amplified to determine the HBV genotype by INNO-LiPA assay or sequence analysis. Single and multivariate analyses were used to describe genotypes’ associations with known demographic and behavioral risk factors for 126 linked cases of acute HBV.ResultsNine genotypes were detected (A to I), including mixed infections. Genotype C (HBV/C) dominated within chronic infections while HBV/D and A prevailed among acute HBV cases. History of incarceration and residing with a chronic HBV carrier or injection drug user were the most frequently reported risks for acute HBV infection. Over time, HBV/A increased among both acute and chronic infections, and HBV/C and HBV/D decreased among chronic infections.ConclusionChronic and acute HBV genotypes in Canada differ in the relative distribution and their associations with known risk factors, suggesting different routes of transmission and clinical progression of infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Canada

et al. 2015

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“…A persisting challenge in this field is the management of migrant populations. Migration across Europe has been taking new proportions, particularly following the Northern Africa and Syria unrest, with over 70 million migrants estimated to be currently living in Europe . There is also a growing movement of tourists, students and trafficked women and children into or through Europe each year.…”

Section: Barriers To Preventing Linking To Care and Treating Hepatitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of them come from or go to countries with high viral hepatitis prevalence. Access to and use of care services is often deficient for many of these people, and this is presenting a growing dilemma . In Germany, where migrants constitute only 13% of the population, they account for over 42% of all reported HBV .…”

Section: Barriers To Preventing Linking To Care and Treating Hepatitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the vulnerability of these population groups and the cultural and language barriers they often face, tailoring communications to meet their special needs and delivering strong messages that are likely to be received and acted on call for urgent attention . Educating these key populations to participate in screening and early diagnosis programmes, as part of their basic human rights, remains a critical part of expanding the outreach of viral hepatitis services.…”

Section: Barriers To Preventing Linking To Care and Treating Hepatitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Addressing barriers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B and C in the face of persisting fiscal constraints in Europe: report from a high level conference

Papatheodoridis

Thomas

Golna³

et al. 2016

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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In the WHO-EURO region, around 28 million people are currently living with chronic viral hepatitis, and 120,000 people die every year because of it. Lack of awareness and understanding combined with the social stigma and discrimination exacerbate barriers related to access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment services for those most in need. In addition, the persisting economic crisis has impacted on public health spending, thus posing challenges on the sustainable investment in promotion, primary and secondary prevention, diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis across European countries. The Hepatitis B and C Public Policy Association in cooperation with the Hellenic Center for Disease Prevention and Control together with 10 partner organizations discussed at the Athens High Level Meeting held in June 2014 recent policy developments, persisting and emerging challenges related to the prevention and management of viral hepatitis and the need for a de minimis framework of urgent priorities for action, reflected in a Call to Action (Appendix S1). The discussion confirmed that persisting barriers do not allow the full realisation of the public health potential of diagnosing and preventing hepatitis B and C, treating hepatitis B and curing hepatitis C. Such barriers are related to (a) lack of evidence-based knowledge of hepatitis B and C, (b) limited access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment services with poor patient pathways, (c) declining resources and (d) the presence of social stigma and discrimination. The discussion also confirmed the emerging importance of fiscal constraints on the ability of policymakers to adequately address viral hepatitis challenges, particularly through increasing coverage of newer therapies. In Europe, it is critical that public policy bodies urgently agree on a conceptual framework for addressing the existing and emerging barriers to managing viral hepatitis. Such a framework would ensure all health systems share a common understanding of definitions and indicators and look to integrate their responses to manage policy spillovers in the most cost-effective manner, while forging wide partnerships to sustainably and successfully address viral hepatitis.

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“…Such political approach is in conformity with the World Health Organization Universal Immunization Program for intermediate endemic areas, in which periods outbreaks are prone to happen (WHO, 2017a). Other factors as intrastate human migrations could also be in action (Carballo, Cody, Kelly, & Hatzakis, 2013;Castelli & Sulis, 2017). Even though pre-travel HAV vaccination and basic immunization schedule are essential for those travelling to remote rural areas where hygiene conditions may be even more challenging (Castelli & Sulis, 2017), healthcare services/centers should focus on migrant populations, and provide accessible treatment (WHO, 2017a).…”

Section: Year Municipalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of Hepatitis-a virus transmission in the state of Pará, Brazil

Leal

Kampel

Guimarães

2020

Preprint

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The hepatitis-A virus (HAV) is a worldwide healthcare problem, mainly affecting countries with poor sanitation and socioeconomic conditions. Spatio-temporal analyses have become an important scientific asset for identifying the clustering of disease infection, providing support for planning interventions and control strategies. This study aims to determine the spatio-temporal variability of HAV infection and related population-based demographic factors in a endemic region. The selected area of study was Pará state, Brazil. Brazilian Ministry of Health Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) epidemiological report, MS vaccination coverage and Brazilian National Sanitation System (SNIS) sanitation condition datum have been analyzed. Spatial (Moran and Local Moran index)and space-time scan statistics techniques have been applied over Pará state using SINAN database for the assessment of the hepatitis-A incidence for a period of 10 years (from 2008 up to 2017). A total of 5500 cases has been reported. Gender specific incidence analysis indicated that men have higher risk of contamination than women. Sociodemographic (lack of sanitation), socioeconomic (municipality governments investments in infra-structure) presented relationship with the disease incidence. There have been evidences that extreme events of severe precipitation and severe droughs were also related to increase in hepatitis-A notification cases. Spatial statistics denoted a heterogeneous geographical structure in the disease`s incidence: isolated high and low HAV incidence clusters through the years, implying in a complex disease outbreak system that is partially controlled by public vaccination actions. Space-time scan statistics denoted that hepatitis-A incidence is highly attached to the public HAV vaccination program and to municipality specific social infrastructure.Lower incidence risk were majorly aggregated over the Nordeste Paraense and Metropolitana de Belém meso-regions. Distinct clusters of hepatitis-A incidence have been found over the studied area (Pará state), and these clusters varied over the years centered at northwest and northeast mesoregions, mainly time-located prior to the national vaccination program start (prior to 2014). National public vaccination program has not been capable of erradicating the disease in the state. Further studies are required to better assess the relationship between climate change efffects over weather events and their relation to HAV transmission outbreaks.

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Migration, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C

Cited by 6 publications

References 73 publications

Characterization of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Canada

Characterization of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes in Canada

Addressing barriers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B and C in the face of persisting fiscal constraints in Europe: report from a high level conference

Assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of Hepatitis-a virus transmission in the state of Pará, Brazil

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