Migration of substances from unplasticized polyvinylchloride into drinking water. Estimation of conservative diffusion coefficients

Mercea, P.; Losher, C.; Benz, H. U.; Petrasch, M.; Costa, Carlos; Stone, V. W.; Toşa, V.

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107385

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In total, we located about 7800 polymer/solute diffusivity data points for over 1000 unique solutes, over 80 polymer chemistries, and more than 2500 polymer/solute combinations …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Robust estimates of solute diffusivity in polymers for predicting patient exposure to medical device leachables

Elder

Saylor

2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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Medical devices often include polymeric components, which contain additives or contaminants that may leach into patients and pose a health risk. Previously, we proposed a mass transport model that conservatively estimates the leaching kinetics and only requires the solute's diffusion coefficient in the polymer, , to be specified. Because determining experimentally is time‐consuming, we also parameterized empirical models to estimate worst‐case values using only the solute molecular weight, . These models were based on a modest database and were limited to 19 polymers and larger solutes ( g/mol). Here, we assemble a much larger database, which enables us to construct more accurate models using a robust statistical approach, expanding the coverage to 50 device‐relevant polymers and smaller solutes ( g/mol). Then, we demonstrate several applications of these bounds, including modeling the release kinetics. Finally, we observe an interesting phenomenon, a discontinuous drop in of up to 25,000× for solutes with g/mol in glassy polymers. Using molecular simulations and cheminformatics tools, we propose a novel definition of the effective diameter of free volume channels in polymers, and we show that solutes larger than this channel size diffuse much more slowly.

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“…In total, we located about 7800 polymer/solute diffusivity data points for over 1000 unique solutes, over 80 polymer chemistries, and more than 2500 polymer/solute combinations …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We constructed a polymer/solute diffusivity database by conducting a literature search for diffusivity measurements of dilute solutes (<2 wt%) in non‐dilute polymers (i.e., not hydrogels or polymer solutions) at any temperature, for any solute, and using any experimental method …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust estimates of solute diffusivity in polymers for predicting patient exposure to medical device leachables

Elder

Saylor

2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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“…On the basis of tests conducted in model conditions (Al-Malack, 2001), consisting of PVC pipe in contact with test water (with variable temperature and dissolved compounds content) for 48 h, an increase in migration of lead and tin compounds from the pipe material into water was observed. Moreover, it was noted that the factor that influences the leaching of stabilizers (e.g., barium(II), strontium(II), or calcium(II)) from the pipe material is the low pH of the water (Mercea et al, 2021). However, the highest concentrations of the above compounds occurred at the beginning of the analysis.…”

Section: Migration From Polyvinyl Chloride (Pvc) Pipesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and microbiological safety of drinking water in distribution networks made of plastic pipes

Świetlik,

Magnucka

2023

WIREs Water

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In recent years, metal alloys used for drinking water distribution are gradually being replaced by PVC and HDPE pipes. In areas of distribution networks made of plastic, consumer complaints related to a significant deterioration of organoleptic parameters of water are frequently recorded. The decline in water quality is most likely the result of chemical and biological processes occurring on the inner walls of the transmission pipes coexisting with the disappearance of disinfectant residues. Plastic pipes are also characterized by high failure rates associated with aging of polymeric materials under operating conditions. Published reports indicate disturbing phenomena occurring in plastic pipes: oxidative aging of polymers, degradation of antioxidant coatings, release of organic compounds to water as well as surface damage and scaling, generating microplastic particles. PE and PVC networks are also susceptible to biofilm formation, characterized by a high phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms. Studies presented in the literature, indicating the risks resulting from the exploitation of PE and PVC pipes, are mainly based on model tests. There is a lack of works, which would complementarily explain all the phenomena occurring in working water pipes made of plastics. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the phenomena and processes that can occur in PE and PVC pipes in service and their relevance to the safety and quality of drinking water in distribution networks, as well as to identify areas that require further analysis to enable water producers to deliver an appropriately high‐quality product to consumers.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Science of Water > Water Quality Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

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“…Another study evaluated the pH dependence of the sorption of triclosan at pH values near the p K a but did not even consider the possibility of partitioning/absorption of the neutral species as compared to adsorption, which may have well played a role at pH values, where the neutral species dominated. Although the kinetics of partitioning to the rubbery polymer PDMS is faster than that to the glassy polymers PE, , PS, and PVC, the method developed in this study may serve as an experimental model to explore the difference between absorption and adsorption in the research of the role of (micro)plastic as a vector for organic micropollutants.…”

Section: Implications For Environmental Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH-Dependent Partitioning of Ionizable Organic Chemicals between the Silicone Polymer Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Water

et al. 2022

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The silicone polymer polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) is a popular passive sampler for in situ and ex situ sampling of hydrophobic organic chemicals. Despite its limited sorptive capacity for polar and ionizable organic chemicals (IOC), IOCs have been found in PDMS when extracting sediment and suspended particulate matter. The pH-dependent partitioning of 190 organics and IOCs covering a range of octanol−water partition constants log K ow from −0.3 to 7.7 was evaluated with a 10-day shaking method using mixtures composed of all chemicals at varying ratios of mass of PDMS to volume of water. This method reproduced the PDMS−water partition constant K PDMS/w of neutral chemicals from the literature and extended the dataset by 93 neutral chemicals. The existing quantitative structure−activity relationship between the log K ow and K PDMS/w could be extended with the measured K PDMS/w linearly to a log K ow of −0.3. Fully charged organics were not taken up into PDMS. Thirty-eight monoprotic organic acids and 42 bases showed negligible uptake of the charged species, and the pH dependence of the apparent D PDMS/w (pH) could be explained by the fraction of neutral species multiplied by the K PDMS/w of the neutral species of these IOCs. Seventeen multiprotic chemicals with up to three acidity constants pK a also showed a pH dependence of D PDMS/w (pH) with the tendency that the neutral and zwitterionic forms showed the highest D PDMS/w (pH). D PDMS/w (pH) of charged species of more hydrophobic multiprotic chemicals such as tetrabromobisphenol A and telmisartan was smaller but not negligible. Since these chemicals show high bioactivity, their contribution to mixture effects has to be considered when testing passive sampling extracts with in vitro bioassays. This work has further implications for understanding the role of microplastic as a vector for organic micropollutants.

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Migration of substances from unplasticized polyvinylchloride into drinking water. Estimation of conservative diffusion coefficients

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Robust estimates of solute diffusivity in polymers for predicting patient exposure to medical device leachables

Robust estimates of solute diffusivity in polymers for predicting patient exposure to medical device leachables

Chemical and microbiological safety of drinking water in distribution networks made of plastic pipes

pH-Dependent Partitioning of Ionizable Organic Chemicals between the Silicone Polymer Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Water

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