Mild cognitive impairment: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents an intermediate stage between normal cognitive changes associated with aging and dementia. Individuals with MCI have been identified as having a faster rate of progression to dementias. Risk factors for progression include greater cognitive deficits at baseline, ApoE4 carrier status, brain volume changes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes, and the presence of behavioral and psychological symptoms. Refinements in the diagnostic criteria for MCI and the identification of biomarkers to predict the progression to dementias have resulted in the appropriate diagnosis of this condition being made and the development of possible prevention and treatment strategies. Available data indicate that cognitive and physical training appears to slow the progression of the disease process. Studies of pharmacotherapeutic agents do not indicate benefit for cholinesterase inhibitors, the anti-inflammatory drug rofecoxib, or antioxidants in slowing the progression of MCI to dementias.

Feasibility of a Latin Dance Program for Older Latinos With Mild Cognitive Impairment

“…Some participants mentioned that the dancing ameliorated their pain; however, more thought that it exacerbated their pain. Participants dropped from the program between a range of sessions (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Other reasons why participants dropped from the program were schedule conflicts, 1 participant thought the dance sessions were too difficult, and another participant left the country.…”

“…6 Interventions that slow cognitive decline among persons with MCI are critical in order to prevent or delay conversion to AD. 6 Evidence indicates that pharmacological interventions in individuals with MCI have had little/no significant benefit in delaying the progression to AD 7 ; however, participation in physical activity (PA) has been shown to improve cognitive function in older adults with MCI. 8 Numerous studies have found that PA can improve chronic diseases and cognition.…”

Mild cognitive impairment history and current procedures in low- and middle-income countries: a brief review

“…This scale resembles the current MCI concept but is not identical to it. 10 It was Petersen who in 1999 refined the concept and started its current use. 6,10 Regarding this definition, MCI was first described as the initial stage of AD.…”

“…10 It was Petersen who in 1999 refined the concept and started its current use. 6,10 Regarding this definition, MCI was first described as the initial stage of AD. It was characterized predominantly by a decline in memory more than that expected for a specific age but not yet sufficient for the diagnosis of dementia.…”

“…7 Population studies that indicate the prevalence of MCI in the population vary significantly in their results due to different diagnostic criteria, differences between prospective and retrospective analyses, and according to which MCI subtypes are being sought. 10 The estimate of older adults with MCI ranges from 12 to 18% globally, 6 although some studies reach percentages as high as 42% in particular countries. 11 There are fewer data available in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), although dementia increase is more prominent in those places.…”