Milk formulae for the normal infant. III. Lipids and trace elements

Chierici, R; Gamboni, C; Vigi, Vittorio

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13361.x

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…However, the daily doses of trace elements that are optimal for infants are still under debate (Chierici et al, 1994;Lo Ènnerdal and Hernell, 1994). Infants grow rapidly and need more nutrients including trace elements per kg body mass than adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn — investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera

1999

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Objective: To investigate the trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn. Design: The concentrations of the eight essential elements calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn), and of the non-essential and toxic elements barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), cesium (Cs), lanthanum (La), lithium (Li), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), strontium (Sr), and thallium (Tl) were determined in umbilical cord (n 29) and corresponding maternal sera (n 29) as well as in colostrum (n 27). Results: Umbilical cord serum concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Zn were 120%, 150%, and 148% of the maternal value, respectively. Maternal sera had twice the Cu concentrations found in healthy adults and ®ve-times higher Cu than umbilical cord sera. Concentration ratios colostrumamaternal serum and colostrumaumbilical cord serum were approximately one for Co, 1.4 for Mg, two for Ca, Mn, and Sn, ®ve for Cu (maternal serum), eight for Mo, and ten for Zn. Concentrations of the toxic elements Cd and Pb decreased in the order colostrum (Pb 2.6 mgaL; Cd 0.6 mgaL), maternal sera (0.8 mgaL; 0.3 mgaL), umbilical cord sera (0.4 mgaL; 0.2 mgaL). Maternal serum Ba and Rb was 182% and 66% of the umbilical cord value. For Sr and Li, an almost perfect correlation between umbilical cord and maternal sera was found. For Ba, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn none, and for Ca, Cs, Mn, Mo, Rb only weak positive correlations between these two compartments could be established. Conclusions:The results of this study indicate that an active transport mechanism for the transport of Ca, Mn, Rb, and Zn from the mother to the newborn exists, whereas Cs, Li, and Sr follow concentration gradients. As regards Cu, the placenta showed to have a blocking effect on the transfer from the mother to the baby.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn — investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera

1999

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“…1±4 Uptake of essential trace elements in excess may, on the other hand, have toxic effects. 5 However, the optimal daily doses of trace elements are still under debate 6,7 and recent investigations have shown that the concentration of trace elements changes signi®cantly during lactation 8 and have monitored trace element transfer from the mother to the new-born. 9 When term infants are not breastfed or breast feeding is discontinued early, appropriate milk formulae replace human milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of trace elements in human milk by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS)

Prohaska

Köllensperger

Krachler

et al. 2000

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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The potential of high resolution inductively coupled plasma sector ®eld mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) was evaluated to quantify reliably various toxic and essential elements (Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, As, Ag, Pt, Au, Pb) in human milk and infant formulae with respect to sensitivity, spectral and non-spectral interferences, blank levels, relative stability and accuracy. Some elements of potential interest such as Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co and As are signi®cantly interfered by polyatomic ions and cannot be determined under routine conditions without using high mass resolution, since interference levels vary signi®cantly with the composition of the milk matrix. A microconcentric nebuliser in combination with a membrane desolvation unit was tested with respect to signal enhancement and reduction of interferences. In general, an increase of the signal intensities up to a factor of 5 was observed, whereas not all spectral interferences can be reduced to a negligible amount (only oxide containing ions to some extent). Moreover the use of the N 2 as the make-up gas did not improve the sensitivity but led to additional N-containing polyatomic interferences (e.g., for V, Cr and Mn). The use of a torch shielded by a Pt electrode did lead to the same signal intensities both for the conventional MCN100 and the MCN6000 with membrane desolvation. The investigation of In, Re, Ru, and Rh as internal standard showed that not all elements can be corrected for matrix suppression without using an additional correction factor derived from an approximate matrix composition. A series of milk samples was investigated using the optimised analytical set-up and compared to infant milk formulae. Trace element levels in instant milk formulae are signi®cantly in¯uenced by the quality of tap water used for preparation.

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Lipids in infant formulas: Current and future innovations

Long¹,

Kaiser

Katz

2013

Lipid Technology

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Lipids in infant formulas are designed to mimic the composition of human milk and/or approximate the performance of the breastfed infant. Human milk lipids exhibit a complex, highly variable nature, varying by population, dietary intake, time of day, length of feeding and others. Continued understanding and characterization of human milk lipids has led to infant formula innovations aimed at a better comparison to human milk and/or improved dietary lipid utilization in the formula‐fed infant. The underlying aim of such innovation is the generation of outcomes as comparable to human milk feeding as possible. The present paper briefly reviews the current understanding of human milk lipid composition, with a focus on how this knowledge drives current and future innovations in the area of infant formula lipids.

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Milk formulae for the normal infant. III. Lipids and trace elements

Cited by 7 publications

References 58 publications

Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn — investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera

Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn — investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera

Determination of trace elements in human milk by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS)

Lipids in infant formulas: Current and future innovations

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