Milk Quality Standards and Controls

Park, Young W.; Albenzio, Marzia; Sevi, A.; Haenlein, G.F.W.

doi:10.1002/9781118534168.ch13

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Bovine milk is the most abundant milk produced worldwide, with many millions of tons produced annually . In order to maintain milk production, the milk is produced in lactation cycles of approximately 12 to 13 months .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Temporal Variations in Bovine Lactoferrin Glycan Structures

Valk-Weeber

Ruiter

Dijkhuizen

et al. 2019

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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It has been reported previously that glycosylation of bovine lactoferrin changes over time. A detailed structural overview of these changes over the whole course of lactation, including predry period milk, is lacking. In this study, a highthroughput analysis method was applied to the glycoprofile of lactoferrin isolated from colostrum, mature, and predry period mature milk, which was analyzed over two subsequent lactation cycles for 8 cows from diverse genetic backgrounds. In addition, comparisons are made with commercial bovine lactoferrin samples. During the first 72 h, dynamic changes in lactoferrin glycosylation occurred. Shifts in the oligomannose distribution and the number of sialylated and fucosylated glycans were observed. In some cows, we observed (α2,3)-linked sialic acid in the earliest colostrum samples. The glycoprofiles appeared stable from 1 month after delivery, as well as between cows. In addition, the glycosylation profiles of commercial lactoferrins isolated from pooled mature milk were stable over the year. Lactoferrin glycosylation in the predry period resembles colostrum lactoferrin. The variations in lactoferrin glycosylation profiles, lactoferrin concentrations, and other milk parameters provide detailed information that potentially assists in unraveling the functions and biosynthesis regulation of lactoferrin glycosylation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Temporal Variations in Bovine Lactoferrin Glycan Structures

Valk-Weeber

Ruiter

Dijkhuizen

et al. 2019

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Whey and casein are the predominant components of the protein fraction [ 5 ]. However, the protein fraction of CM and other kinds of animal milk (e.g., goat’s milk (GM)) contains the natural whey:casein ratio of about 20:80, which is in contrast to the 60:40 ratio of human milk [ 6 ]. Many milk products for human nutrition—most commonly infant formulas—have therefore whey added in order to parallel the 60:40 ratio of human milk [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whey-Adapted versus Natural Cow’s Milk Formulation: Distinctive Feeding Responses and Post-Ingestive c-Fos Expression in Laboratory Mice

Wood

Gartner

Klockars

et al. 2022

Foods

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The natural 20:80 whey:casein ratio in cow’s milk (CM) for adults and infants is adjusted to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk, but the feeding and metabolic consequences of this adjustment have been understudied. In adult human subjects, the 60:40 CM differently affects glucose metabolism and hormone release than the 20:80 CM. In laboratory animals, whey-adapted goat’s milk is consumed in larger quantities. It is unknown whether whey enhancement of CM would have similar consequences on appetite and whether it would affect feeding-relevant brain regulatory mechanisms. In this set of studies utilizing laboratory mice, we found that the 60:40 CM was consumed more avidly than the 20:80 control formulation by animals motivated to eat by energy deprivation and by palatability (in the absence of hunger) and that this hyperphagia stemmed from prolongation of the meal. Furthermore, in two-bottle choice paradigms, whey-adapted CM was preferred against the natural 20:80 milk. The intake of the whey-adapted CM induced neuronal activation (assessed through analysis of c-Fos expression in neurons) in brain sites promoting satiation, but importantly, this activation was less pronounced than after ingestion of the natural 20:80 whey:casein CM. Activation of hypothalamic neurons synthesizing anorexigenic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) was also less robust after the 60:40 CM intake than after the 20:80 CM. Pharmacological blockade of the OT receptor in mice led to an increase in the consumption only of the 20:80 CM, thus, of the milk that induced greater activation of OT neurons. We conclude that the whey-adapted CM is overconsumed compared to the natural 20:80 CM and that this overconsumption is associated with weakened responsiveness of central networks involved in satiety signalling, including OT.

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“…Milk is a food produced by mammals to feed their offspring. Due to its high nutritional value and its good flavor, milk has been one of the main components of human nutrition since ancient times [ 1 ]. Aside from its direct consumption, milk has been used to produce a wide range of dairy products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Volatile Compounds in Dessert Yogurts Prepared from Cow and Goat Milk, Using Different Starter Cultures and Probiotics

Papaioannou

Kosma

Badeka

et al. 2021

Foods

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The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of volatile compounds (aroma) and overall flavor in dessert yogurts prepared from cow and goat milk, using three different, commercially available starter cultures, in the presence or absence of probiotic bacteria and to correlate this to organoleptic evaluation results obtained using a consumer acceptability method. The extraction of volatile compounds was carried out by solid phase micro-extraction; separation and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Variations among the different classes of compounds (i.e., aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, volatile acids, hydrocarbons, and terpenes) were recorded for different treatments. The results showed that the main volatiles in the cow milk dessert yogurts without Bifidobacterium BB-12 were: acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, 3-OH-2-butanone, 2-propanone, hexanoic acid and limonene). Respective volatiles in cow milk dessert yogurts with Bifidobacterium BB-12 were: acetaldehyde, pentanal, hexanal, the same ketones, acetic acid and limonene). The volatiles in goat milk dessert yogurts without Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 were: acetaldehyde, the same ketones, no carboxylic acids, limonene, camphene, α- and β-pinene. Respective volatiles in goat milk dessert yogurts with Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 were: aldehydes acetaldehyde, the same ketones, butanoic acid, α-pinene and camphene varying in concentration in different samples. Based on the results of volatiles and organoleptic evaluation, it can be concluded that dessert yogurts from cow milk without probiotic bacterial strains using the mild and classic starter cultures, and dessert yogurts from goat milk with probiotic bacterial strains using the classic and acidic starter cultures are found to be more organoleptically acceptable by consumers. In most cases, a positive correlation was found between dessert yogurt organoleptically determined flavor and volatiles (aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids).

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Milk Quality Standards and Controls

Cited by 15 publications

References 59 publications

Dynamic Temporal Variations in Bovine Lactoferrin Glycan Structures

Dynamic Temporal Variations in Bovine Lactoferrin Glycan Structures

Whey-Adapted versus Natural Cow’s Milk Formulation: Distinctive Feeding Responses and Post-Ingestive c-Fos Expression in Laboratory Mice

Profile of Volatile Compounds in Dessert Yogurts Prepared from Cow and Goat Milk, Using Different Starter Cultures and Probiotics

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