Milk Urea as an Estimate of Urine Nitrogen of Dairy Cows and Goats

Ciszuk, P.; Gebregziabher, Tekie

doi:10.1080/09064709409410187

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The above suggests that the urea level in the milk of cows is an additional practical indicator of protein and energy balance in the ration. This conclusion supports the findings of Kirchgessner et al (1986), Gustafsson and Palmquist (1993), Ciszuk and Gebregziabher (1994).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of supplemental fat for high yielding dairy cows at first stage of lactation on milk yield and composition

Szulc¹,

Pres²,

Dobicki³

1995

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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The following supplements were used in the feeding of high yielding dairy cows starting 3 weeks before calving to day 100 of lactation: a fat supplement in the form of calcium-magnesium soaps, Erafet, (group I), Erafet plus rapeseed meal (group II), rapeseed cake containing 19.5% crude fat (group III). During the first three months of lactation, a increase in the daily FCM yield was noted in the experimental groups as compared with the control group with no supplements, i.e. by 4.6, 11.6 and 8.5 %, respectively in groups I-III. After withdrawing supplementation, during the subsequent four months of lactation, the cows in the experimental groups produced 1.7, 3.3 and 4.1 % more milk, respectively, than the controls. The milk fat from experimental cows contained significantly more oleic (by 7.5 to 10.0%) and stearic acids (from 5.9 to 25.1%) and less C4-C16 acids.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of supplemental fat for high yielding dairy cows at first stage of lactation on milk yield and composition

Szulc¹,

Pres²,

Dobicki³

1995

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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“…In view of the potential to use milk urea N (MUN) concentration as a marker for urinary N excretion (Ciszuk and Gebregziabher, 1994), the effect of mineral intake on these relationships is of particular interest. High MUN concentrations indicate poor efficiency of use of rumen degradable protein or metabolizable protein, whereas low concentrations can indicate limited amounts of dietary protein or high rates of intermediary efficiency.…”

Section: Urine Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Dijkstra

Oenema

Groenigen

et al. 2013

Animal

312

215

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Ruminant production contributes to emissions of nitrogen (N) to the environment, principally ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and di-nitrogen (N 2 ) to air, nitrate (NO 3 2 ) to groundwater and particulate N to surface waters. Variation in dietary N intake will particularly affect excretion of urinary N, which is much more vulnerable to losses than is faecal N. Our objective is to review dietary effects on the level and form of N excreted in cattle urine, as well as its consequences for emissions of N 2 O. The quantity of N excreted in urine varies widely. Urinary N excretion, in particular that of urea N, is decreased upon reduction of dietary N intake or an increase in the supply of energy to the rumen microorganisms and to the host animal itself. Most of the N in urine (from 50% to well over 90%) is present in the form of urea. Other nitrogenous components include purine derivatives (PD), hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine. Excretion of PD is related to rumen microbial protein synthesis, and that of hippuric acid to dietary concentration of degradable phenolic acids. The N concentration of cattle urine ranges from 3 to 20 g/l. High-dietary mineral levels increase urine volume and lead to reduced urinary N concentration as well as reduced urea concentration in plasma and milk. In lactating dairy cattle, variation in urine volume affects the relationship between milk urea and urinary N excretion, which hampers the use of milk urea as an accurate indicator of urinary N excretion. Following its deposition in pastures or in animal houses, ubiquitous microorganisms in soil and waters transform urinary N components into ammonium (NH 4 1 ), and thereafter into NO 3 2 and ultimately in N 2 accompanied with the release of N 2 O. Urinary hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine decompose more slowly than urea. Hippuric acid may act as a natural inhibitor of N 2 O emissions, but inhibition conditions have not been defined properly yet. Environmental and soil conditions at the site of urine deposition or manure application strongly influence N 2 O release. Major dietary strategies to mitigating N 2 O emission from cattle operations include reducing dietary N content or increasing energy content, and increasing dietary mineral content to increase urine volume. For further reduction of N 2 O emission, an integrated animal nutrition and excreta management approach is required.Keywords: nitrogen, urine, cattle, nitrous oxide, mitigation ImplicationsCattle contribute to global warming through emission of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from urine and faeces. Urinary nitrogen (N) is much more susceptible to gaseous losses than faecal N. To reduce urinary N excretion and N 2 O emission and improve N efficiency of cattle, dietary levels of N should be decreased and an optimal balance between N and energy substrates in the diet should be aimed at. Increasing urine volume by increased dietary mineral contents appears a promising N 2 O mitigation strategy, particularly in pasture. Further reduction of effective mitigation strategies...

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“…Les teneurs en urée du lait représentent une bonne estimation des rejets azotés dans un troupeau de vaches [4,7,29]. Les excré-tions journalières d'azote par vache calculées à partir des teneurs en urée et de la production laitière ont été plus élevées en présence de fertilisation azotée.…”

Section: Teneurs En Urée Plasmatique Et Urée Du Laitunclassified

Incidences phytotechniques et zootechniques d'une réduction ou d'une suppression de la fertilisation azotée sur des prairies pâturées par des vaches laitières

et al. 2001

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-Phytotechnical and zootechnical effects of a nitrogen fertilizer reduction or suppression on pasture grazed by dairy cows. Three levels of intensification were compared for a permanent pasture grazed over 6 consecutive years in a rotational grazing system. The three levels of intensification were as follow: a high nitrogen fertilizer input system with 136 kg N . ha -1 and with 3.35 cows . ha -1 -H-N group -, a system with a moderate fertilizer input in which nitrogen fertilization was reduced by 33% but with the same stocking rate -M-N group -with 91 kg N . ha -1 along with 3.35 cows . ha -1 and a system with no fertilization associated with a reduced stocking rate -0-N group -with 2.51 cows . ha -1 . There were no effects of the treatments on grass characteristics -e.g. post grazing height, percentage of refusals, total nitrogen content, fiber content. The absence of nitrogen fertilization reduced the pre-grazing height and DM yield of the pasture. The clover content was reduced in the first and sixth years in nitrogen fertilized groups. The individual milk yield was not affected by the treatments (15.4 kg . d -1 ) but the milk yield per hectare was largely affected by the stocking rate. The protein content and cell count were unaffected by the treatments but butter fat content was higher in the 0-N group than in the other two groups (4.10 vs. 3.90%; P < 0.05). The average daily liveweight gain was not affected by the treatments (0.23 kg . d -1 ). The plasma and milk urea contents were significantly higher in fertilized groups than in 0-N group (164 vs. 151 mg N . l -1 in plasma and 194 vs. 175 mg N . l -1 in milk respectively; P < 0.05). Daily nitrogen excretion per animal was similar for both treatments but when expressed per ha and year, the excretion was higher in the fertilized groups. Thus, it has appeared that a 33% reduction of nitrogen fertilization with a similar stocking rate allowed to maintain performances either on an individual animal or a per hectare basis. Grazing management with no nitrogen fertilization but with an adjusted stocking rate induced a reduction in performances expressed per hectare but maintained similar individual performances as with high input systems. Furthermore, there were both a higher nitrogen efficiency and a reduction in nitrogen excretion per hectare. dairy cows / nitrogen fertilization / grazing / milk yield / nitrogen balance F. Dieguez et al. 300

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Milk Urea as an Estimate of Urine Nitrogen of Dairy Cows and Goats

Cited by 29 publications

References 18 publications

Effects of supplemental fat for high yielding dairy cows at first stage of lactation on milk yield and composition

Effects of supplemental fat for high yielding dairy cows at first stage of lactation on milk yield and composition

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Incidences phytotechniques et zootechniques d'une réduction ou d'une suppression de la fertilisation azotée sur des prairies pâturées par des vaches laitières

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