Millimeter-Wave BiCMOS Backscatter Modulator for 5 G-IoT Applications

Matos, Diogo; Jordão, Marina; Correia, Ricardo; Carvalho, Nuno Borges

doi:10.1109/lmwc.2020.3042709

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In [ 8 ], a die E-PHEMT from Avago tech was used to design a 24 GHz modulated backscatter using the topology of Figure 17 b. In [ 7 ], a modulator based on an MMIC BiCMOS Cold-FET is recently presented. Packaged PHEMT transistors CE3520K3 from CEL (California Eastern Laboratories) in Cold-FET configuration were used to modulate a Rotman-lens-based retrodirective array achieving a differential RCS of −15.4 dBsm at 28.5 GHz with a variation of 8 dB from −60° to 60° of interrogation angle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite this drawback, the interest in millimeter wave frequency bands for communication applications has recently arisen as the technology has matured. Therefore, microwave and millimeter-wave identification (MMID) systems have been investigated at these bands (24 GHz, 60 GHz and 77 GHz) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The advantages of MMID systems are the use of smaller directive reader antennas as well as a higher bandwidth for data handling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Car2Car Communication Using a Modulated Backscatter and Automotive FMCW Radar

Lázaro

Lazaro

Villarino

et al. 2021

Sensors

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This work proposes the use of a modulated tag for direct communication between two vehicles using as a carrier the wave emitted by an FMCW radar installed in the vehicle for advanced driver assistance. The system allows for real-time signals detection and classification, such as stop signal, turn signals and emergency lights, adding redundancy to computer video sensors and without incorporating additional communication systems. A proof-of-concept tag has been designed at the microwave frequency of 24 GHz, consisting of an amplifier connected between receiving and transmitting antennas. The modulation is performed by switching the power supply of the amplifier. The tag is installed on the rear of the car and it answers when it is illuminated by the radar by modulating the backscattered field. The information is encoded in the modulation switching rate used. Simulated and experimental results are given showing the feasibility of the proposed solution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Car2Car Communication Using a Modulated Backscatter and Automotive FMCW Radar

Lázaro

Lazaro

Villarino

et al. 2021

Sensors

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show abstract

“…multiplexers could be used in different topologies to generate multiple reflection coefficient values, as has been showcased for UHF QAM backscatter in 1 and 16,24 . However, increasing the number of transistors in a mmWave implementation may:…”

Section: Single-transistor High-order Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• decrease performance due to multiple device parasitics 16 • increase cost • increase complexity for higher constellation sizes, as seen in 1 , which limits scalability, whereas • using switching-mode devices results in unwanted, increased spectrum occupancy, as argued in 25 .…”

Section: Single-transistor High-order Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another advantage of millimeter wave operation that has been explored in the past is the direct integration of the antennas on integrated circuits 9 , especially for the implementation of miniaturized implantable applications. Implementations of various reader architectures and tag systems have been published exploring different technologies, from pure CMOS [9][10][11][12][13][14] to a combination of CMOS and LTCC 15 , to BiCMOS 16 , to silicon micromachining 9 and to tag circuits consisting of off-the-shelf Schottky diodes placed on liquid crystal polymer substrate 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A printed millimeter-wave modulator and antenna array for low-complexity Gigabit-datarate backscatter communications

Daskalakis¹,

Georgiadis

Kimionis

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this article, a low cost ink-jet printed millimeter-wave RF front-end for low-complexity Gigabit-datarate backscatter communications was designed, fabricated and measured. The RF front-end consists of a microstrip 5×1 series-fed patch antenna array and a single E-pHEMT transistor, supporting a plethora of modulation formats, including binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM). The circuit was additively manufactured using inkjet printing with silver nanoparticle (SNP) inks on a flexible liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. A mmWave transceiver was also designed in order to capture and downconvert the backscattered signals and route them for digital signal processing. A bit rate of 2 Gbps of backscatter transmission is demonstrated at millimeter-wave frequencies 24-28 GHz, expanding the potential of backscatter radio as an ambitious low-energy, low-complexity communication system for future IoT devices. By pushing the circuit complexity to a central station/access point, the radio’s footprint is minimized, which allows additive manufacturing, resulting in significant implementation savings and compatibility with flexible platforms. The wideband operation of these systems will enable broadband wireless transmission with less than 0.17 pJ/bit front-end consumption at 2 Gbps and combined with sensing with low-power sensors and can be integrated with wearables for challenging mobile applications in 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT).

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Machine-learning-based global optimization of microwave passives with variable-fidelity EM models and response features

Koziel,

Pietrenko-Dabrowska

2024

Sci Rep

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Maximizing microwave passive component performance demands precise parameter tuning, particularly as modern circuits grow increasingly intricate. Yet, achieving this often requires a comprehensive approach due to their complex geometries and miniaturized structures. However, the computational burden of optimizing these components via full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations is substantial. EM analysis remains crucial for circuit reliability, but the expense of conducting rudimentary EM-driven global optimization by means of popular bio-inspired algorithms is impractical. Similarly, nonlinear system characteristics pose challenges for surrogate-assisted methods. This paper introduces an innovative technique leveraging variable-fidelity EM simulations and response feature technology within a kriging-based machine-learning framework for cost-effective global parameter tuning of microwave passives. The efficiency of this approach stems from performing most operations at the low-fidelity simulation level and regularizing the objective function landscape through the response feature method. The primary prediction tool is a co-kriging surrogate, while a particle swarm optimizer, guided by predicted objective function improvements, handles the search process. Rigorous validation demonstrates the proposed framework's competitive efficacy in design quality and computational cost, typically requiring only sixty high-fidelity EM analyses, juxtaposed with various state-of-the-art benchmark methods. These benchmarks encompass nature-inspired algorithms, gradient search, and machine learning techniques directly interacting with the circuit's frequency characteristics.

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Millimeter-Wave BiCMOS Backscatter Modulator for 5 G-IoT Applications

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Car2Car Communication Using a Modulated Backscatter and Automotive FMCW Radar

Car2Car Communication Using a Modulated Backscatter and Automotive FMCW Radar

A printed millimeter-wave modulator and antenna array for low-complexity Gigabit-datarate backscatter communications

Machine-learning-based global optimization of microwave passives with variable-fidelity EM models and response features

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