Mindfulness and emotion: a five-level analysis

Abstract

Based on the five-level model of emotions in the workplace (FLMEW), we present an analysis of emotion and mindfulness at work. The five levels of emotion are: (1) temporal variations in emotion at the within-person level of analysis, which relate to state mindfulness; (2) stable individual differences in experiencing and expressing emotions at the between-persons level, which correspond with trait mindfulness; (3) perceiving and communicating emotions in dyadic relationships at the inter-personal level, reflecting interpersonal mindfulness; (4) emotional processes and leadership at the group level, which are associated with team mindfulness; and (5) and emotional culture and climate at the organizational level, which relate to organizational mindfulness. We provide a definition of mindfulness at each level. We argue that mindfulness tends to be associated with more positive and less negative affective experience at each level. We highlight practical implications and suggest future research at each level.

Promoting employee flourishing and performance: the roles of perceived leader emotional intelligence, positive team emotional climate, and employee emotional intelligence

“…The positive effects of leader emotional intelligence on followers' outcomes have been mostly explained through the mechanisms of leader behaviors (e.g., Edelman and van Knippenberg, 2018;Roux and Gorgens-Eskermans, 2021) and/or group affective processes (e.g., Majeed and Jamshed, 2021;Zhang and Hao, 2022). However, exactly how leader behaviors and group processes relate to follower behavior at the individual level has been less explored, as such inquiry would need multilevel research designs (Tse et al, 2021;Ashkanasy and Kay, 2023). Despite indications of a positive relationship between leader and follower emotional intelligence, explanations on this relationship are still elusive (e.g., Wong et al, 2010;Chang et al, 2012).…”