Mineral waters characterization in the Azores archipelago (Portugal)

Cruz, J. Virgílio; Freire, P.; Costa, Andréa Machado

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.12.001

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The geochemical data used in the calculations as well as the geographical distribution of the analyzed sources were taken from a previous work by Cruz et al [16] originally conducted on 101 samples of water. Since the work contained a few incomplete analyses as well as data from smaller islands other than those covered in this work, the sample population was effectively reduced to 86 in this work.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stability and scaling indexes were determined for natural waters from 86 locations across the Azores Islands by using their geochemical characteristics recorded by Cruz et al [16]. They are expressed in terms of the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), and the Larson-Skold Index (LI).…”

Section: Estimation Of the Corrosive Action Of The Natural Waters Usimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1. Temperature, pH, conductivity (κ), total dissolved solids (TDS) and major element composition of mineral water from boiling pool (bp) discharges in the Azores archipelago according to Cruz et al [16]. Calculation of the corresponding stability and scaling indexes, namely the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI) and the Larson-Skold Index (LI).…”

Section: Estimation Of the Corrosive Action Of The Natural Waters Usimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As result of this interest, the chemical composition and the therapeutic uses of mineral waters, in particular those from the island of São Miguel, are currently investigated as evidenced by various publications in specialized journals over the last decade [12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Vasconcelos

Fernández-Pérez

González

et al. 2015

Water

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Abstract:Waters from natural sources of the São Miguel Island in the Azores archipelago have been investigated regarding their corrosive action on metallic materials. The corrosive and encrusting characteristics of the waters have been established in terms of relevant chemical parameters (namely pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and concentrations of bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate ions) and their temperature by using Langelier, Ryznar, Puckorius and Larson-Skold indexes. The validity of this methodology has been tested by measuring the corrosion rates of various metals exposed to various waters using electrochemical methods. The materials of industrial OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 3516 interest under investigation were carbon and galvanized steel, zinc, 304 and 316L grade stainless steels, brass, and Cr-Ni alloys. The greater aggressiveness of these waters was found for the less noble materials, and they experienced high corrosion rates.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of the Corrosive Action Of The Natural Waters Usimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimation Of the Corrosive Action Of The Natural Waters Usimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Vasconcelos

Fernández-Pérez

González

et al. 2015

Water

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“…These manifestations include hydrothermal fumaroles, cold CO 2 -rich, and thermal springs, as well as soil diffuse degassing areas (Ferreira et al, 2005;Cruz et al, 2010;Viveiros et al, 2010;Caliro et al, 2015;Silva et al, 2015). Fumarolic emissions are found at Faial and Pico islands, respectively, at the remnant of the 1957-58 eruption (Capelinhos) and at the summit of Pico Volcano.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)

Viveiros

Marcos²,

Faria

et al. 2017

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Azores archipelago is composed of nine volcanic islands located at the triple junction between the North American, Eurasian, and Nubian plates. Nowadays the volcanic activity in the archipelago is characterized by the presence of secondary manifestations of volcanism, such as hydrothermal fumaroles, thermal and cold CO 2 -rich springs as well as soil diffuse degassing areas, and low magnitude seismicity. Soil CO 2 degassing (concentration and flux) surveys have been performed at Pico, Faial, and São Jorge islands to identify possible diffuse degassing structures. Since the settlement of the Azores in the fifteenth Century these three islands were affected by seven onshore volcanic eruptions and at least six destructive earthquakes. These islands are crossed by numerous active tectonic structures with dominant WNW-ESE direction, and less abundant conjugate NNW-SSE trending faults. A total of 2,855 soil CO 2 concentration measurements have been carried out with values varying from 0 to 20.7 vol.%. Soil CO 2 flux measurements, using the accumulation chamber method, have also been performed at Pico and Faial islands in the summer of 2011 and values varied from absence of CO 2 to 339 g m −2 d −1 . The highest CO 2 emissions were recorded at Faial Island and were associated with the Pedro Miguel graben faults, which seem to control the CO 2 diffuse degassing and were interpreted as the pathways for the CO 2 ascending from deep reservoirs to the surface. At São Jorge Island, four main degassing zones have been identified at the intersection of faults or associated to WNW-ESE tectonic structures. Four diffuse degassing structures were identified at Pico Island essentially where different faults intersect. Pico geomorphology is dominated by a 2,351 m high central volcano that presents several steam emissions at its summit. These emissions are located along a NW-SE fault and the highest measured soil CO 2 concentration reached 7.6 vol.% with a maximum temperature of 77 • C. The diffuse degassing maps show that anomalous CO 2 degassing areas are controlled essentially by the tectonic structures and the lithology of the sites since the youngest volcanic systems are characterized by very low CO 2 emissions.

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Periodic behavior of soil CO₂ emissions in diffuse degassing areas of the Azores archipelago: Application to seismovolcanic monitoring

et al. 2014

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Time series of soil CO 2 efflux recorded in the Azores archipelago volcanic-hydrothermal areas feature daily and seasonal variations. The recorded CO 2 efflux values were lower during summer than in the winter season. The diurnal CO 2 efflux values were higher at dawn and lower in the early afternoon, contrary to that observed in biogenic environments. CO 2 efflux cycles correlated well with the environmental variables, such as air temperature, wind speed, and barometric pressure, which also showed low-and high-frequency periodicities. Several simulations were performed here using the Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat 2 (TOUGH2) geothermal simulator to complement the study of Rinaldi et al. (2012). The effects of the water table depth, air temperature perturbation amplitude, and soil thermal gradient contributed to an explanation of the contrasts observed in the diurnal (S 1 ) and semidiurnal (S 2 ) soil CO 2 efflux peaks for the different monitoring sites and seasons. Filtering techniques (multivariate regression analysis and fast Fourier transform filters) were also applied to the recorded time series to remove effects of external variables on the soil CO 2 efflux. The resulting time series (the residuals) correspond to the best approach to the deep-seated (volcanic/hydrothermal) CO 2 emissions and thus should be used in seismovolcanic monitoring programs. Even if no evident correlation can be established yet between the soil CO 2 residuals and seismicity over the monitored time, a seismic swarm that occurred around the end of 2008 might have triggered some deviations from the observed daily cycles.

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Mineral waters characterization in the Azores archipelago (Portugal)

Cited by 33 publications

References 38 publications

Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)

Periodic behavior of soil CO₂ emissions in diffuse degassing areas of the Azores archipelago: Application to seismovolcanic monitoring

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Mineral waters characterization in the Azores archipelago (Portugal)

Cited by 33 publications

References 38 publications

Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Characterization of the Corrosive Action of Mineral Waters from Thermal Sources: A Case Study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal

Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)

Periodic behavior of soil CO2 emissions in diffuse degassing areas of the Azores archipelago: Application to seismovolcanic monitoring

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Periodic behavior of soil CO₂ emissions in diffuse degassing areas of the Azores archipelago: Application to seismovolcanic monitoring