Miniature sono-electrochemical platform enabling effective and gentle electrode biofouling removal for continuous sweat measurements

She, Xiang; Wang, Xiaohe; Niu, Pengfei; He, Anwei; Chen, Yuanfu; Zhang, Menglun

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.133354

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For the electrochemical characterization of the level of electrode biofouling, the signal suppression is much greater in a 0.05 M KCl solution than that in sweat (comparing Figure G with Figure H,I). We attributed it to the existence of other ions in sweat apart from KCl . The observed wider peak separation when measuring in raw sweat most likely is related to the solid aggregates in sweat, which partly cover the electrode and make electron transfer harder.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…We attributed it to the existence of other ions in sweat apart from KCl. 20 The observed wider peak separation when measuring in raw sweat most likely is related to the solid aggregates in sweat, which partly cover the electrode and make electron transfer harder. However, for signals recorded in a 50 mM KCl solution, apart from the common ones between these two of the almost complete suppression in electrochemical activity, no clear trend can be concluded between raw and filtered sweat-fouled electrodes.…”

Section: Performance Decline Of the Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several published studies have mentioned the adverse impact of sweat fouling on the continuous performance of wearable sweat sensors, such as the limited long-term use of glucose, lactate, 16 caffeine, 17 dipyridamole, acetaminophen, 18 and heavy metal 19 monitoring in sweat, also including our previous publications. 20 To solve this problem, a protective layer (usually a Nafion coating) was covered on the electrode surface for minimizing the sweat fouling, 17,19 or regular sensor replacements were made to ensure consistent detection performance. 16 Neither of them can fully address the issue of electrode performance degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncovering the Sweat Biofouling Components and Distributions in Electrochemical Sensors

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Anal. Chem.

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Interest is growing in the creation of wearable sweat sensors for continuous, lowcost, and noninvasive health diagnosis at the molecular level. The biofouling phenomenon leads to degradation of sweat sensors' performance over time, further limiting the successive monitoring of human health status. However, to date, the mechanism of sweat fouling is still unclear, with the inability to provide effective guidance on antifouling strategies. This study clarifies chemical compositions in sweat fouling and fouling distributions on the surface of sensors. Gold film electrodes were prepared on glass and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates and contaminated by human facial sweat (from eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands) and palm sweat (only from eccrine sweat glands). A scanning electron microscope (SEM), an optical microscope (OM), and an atomic force microscope (AFM) were employed to study the surface morphology of biofouling electrodes. The existence of sweat fouling was characterized by AFM adhesion force, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and Xray photoelectron spectra (XPS). FTIR along with XPS was adopted to analyze the biofouling components, and differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) was undertaken to observe the distribution of biofouling on the surface of the electrodes. As a result, we found that neither skin cell pieces nor recognized protein adsorption is the dominant source of biofouling, but the lipids in sweat form an inhomogeneous fouling layer on the electrode surface to reduce the electrochemical reactivity of sensors. This study provides deeper insights into sweat biofouling components and distributions and points out the right direction for resolving the problem of limited continuity in wearable sweat sensors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Performance Decline Of the Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncovering the Sweat Biofouling Components and Distributions in Electrochemical Sensors

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Anal. Chem.

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“…Although still an improvement compared to traditional health monitoring methods, the requirement for fully integrated systems to have power management, data acquisition, and wireless communication, among other components, can increase the bulkiness of wearable sweat sensing platforms. Electronic, sensor, and device feature miniaturization must be a key focus to enable more discrete wearable sweat sensors, enhancing user comfort and acceptance. ,− Advancements in self-sustaining power systems , and miniaturized devices ,− aid the realization of fully integrated systems. As devices approach regulatory approval, safety features need to be incorporated for safe operation by the end user.…”

Section: Opportunities For Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors: Opportunities for Equitable Personalized Medicine and Global Health Diagnostics

Clark,

Ray

2023

ACS Sens.

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Recent advances in skin-interfaced wearable sweat sensors enable the noninvasive, real-time monitoring of biochemical signals associated with health and wellness. These wearable platforms leverage microfluidic channels, biochemical sensors, and flexible electronics to enable the continuous analysis of sweat-based biomarkers such as electrolytes, metabolites, and hormones. As this field continues to mature, the potential of lowcost, continuous personalized health monitoring enabled by such wearable sensors holds significant promise for addressing some of the formidable obstacles to delivering comprehensive medical care in under-resourced settings. This Perspective highlights the transformative potential of wearable sweat sensing for providing equitable access to cutting-edge healthcare diagnostics, especially in remote or geographically isolated areas. It examines the current understanding of sweat composition as well as recent innovations in microfluidic device architectures and sensing strategies by showcasing emerging applications and opportunities for innovation. It concludes with a discussion on expanding the utility of wearable sweat sensors for clinically relevant health applications and opportunities for enabling equitable access to innovation to address existing health disparities.

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“…New technologies have been presented in the recent literature to reduce the impact of biofilm, as also ways of controlling its presence on the surface of sensors. Different active techniques based on ultraviolet [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], laser [ 21 , 22 ], direct electrification [ 23 , 24 ], bubbles [ 25 ], or acoustics [ 26 , 27 , 28 ] were demonstrated to be effective but presented high energetic requirements for continuous and long-term monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and In Situ Validation of Low-Cost and Easy to Apply Anti-Biofouling Techniques for Oceanographic Continuous Monitoring with Optical Instruments

Matos

Pinto

Sousa

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Biofouling is the major factor that limits long-term monitoring studies with automated optical instruments. Protection of the sensing areas, surfaces, and structural housing of the sensors must be considered to deliver reliable data without the need for cleaning or maintenance. In this work, we present the design and field validation of different techniques for biofouling protection based on different housing materials, biocides, and transparent coatings. Six optical turbidity probes were built using polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), PLA with copper filament, ABS coated with PDMS, ABS coated with epoxy and ABS assembled with a system for in situ chlorine production. The probes were deployed in the sea for 48 days and their anti-biofouling efficiency was evaluated using the results of the field experiment, visual inspections, and calibration signal loss after the tests. The PLA and ABS were used as samplers without fouling protection. The probe with chlorine production outperformed the other techniques, providing reliable data during the in situ experiment. The copper probe had lower performance but still retarded the biological growth. The techniques based on transparent coatings, epoxy, and PDMS did not prevent biofilm formation and suffered mostly from micro-biofouling.

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Miniature sono-electrochemical platform enabling effective and gentle electrode biofouling removal for continuous sweat measurements

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Uncovering the Sweat Biofouling Components and Distributions in Electrochemical Sensors

Uncovering the Sweat Biofouling Components and Distributions in Electrochemical Sensors

Recent Advances in Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors: Opportunities for Equitable Personalized Medicine and Global Health Diagnostics

Design and In Situ Validation of Low-Cost and Easy to Apply Anti-Biofouling Techniques for Oceanographic Continuous Monitoring with Optical Instruments

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