“…Several researchers have attempted to develop new multichannel potentiostats, but they are neither low-cost enough to be used for low-cost POCT (e.g., for detection of COVID-19 outside of a laboratory) nor sensitive and noise-free enough to meet the high sensitivity needs of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors ( Alam et al, 2021 ; Park et al, 2022 ; Ramfos et al, 2013 ; Vinoth et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2018 ). The output signals of these readers whether square wave, cyclic voltammetry, or impedance ( Pellitero et al, 2021 ), deals with curve-shaped data that needs further data analysis and curve-fitting approaches to obtain the biosensor data, adding to the complexity of the reader ( Abdullah et al, 2019 ; Bianchi et al, 2019 ; Hoilett et al, 2020 ; Pruna et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2018 ).…”