Mitigation potential of selenium nanoparticles and riboflavin against arsenic and elevated temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Abstract

Climate change impact has disturbed the rainfall pattern worsening the problems of water availability in the aquatic ecosystem of India and other parts of the world. Arsenic pollution, mainly through excessive use of groundwater and other anthropogenic activities, is aggravating in many parts of the world, particularly in South Asia. We evaluated the efficacy of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) and riboflavin (RF) to ameliorate the adverse impacts of elevated temperature and arsenic pollution on growth, anti-oxidative status and immuno-modulation in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Se-NPs were synthesized using fish gill employing green synthesis method. Four diets i.e., Se-NPs (0 mg kg−1) + RF (0 mg kg−1); Se-NPs (0.5 mg kg−1) + RF (5 mg kg−1); Se-NPs (0.5 mg kg−1) + RF (10 mg kg−1); and Se-NPs (0.5 mg kg−1) + RF (15 mg kg−1) were given in triplicate in a completely randomized block design. The fish were treated in arsenic (1/10th of LC50, 2.68 mg L−1) and high temperature (34 °C). Supplementation of the Se-NPs and RF in the diets significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced growth performance (weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate), anti-oxidative status and immunity of the fish. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), total immunoglobulin, myeloperoxidase and globulin enhanced (p < 0.01) with supplementation (Se-NPs + RF) whereas, albumin and albumin globulin (A:G) ratio (p < 0.01) reduced. Stress biomarkers such as lipid peroxidation in the liver, gill and kidney, blood glucose, heat shock protein 70 in gill and liver as well as serum cortisol reduced (p < 0.01) with supplementation of Se-NPs and RF, whereas, acetylcholine esterase and vitamin C level in both brain and muscle significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) in compared to control and stressors group (As + T) fed with control diet. The fish were treated with pathogenic bacteria after 90 days of experimental trial to observe cumulative mortality and relative survival for a week. The arsenic concentration in experimental water and bioaccumulation in fish tissues was also determined, which indicated that supplementation of Se-NPs and RF significantly reduced (p < 0.01) bioaccumulation. The study concluded that a combination of Se-NPs and RF has the potential to mitigate the stresses of high temperature and As pollution in P. hypophthalmus.

Selenium Nanoparticles as a Natural Antioxidant and Metabolic Regulator in Aquaculture: A Review

“…In a feeding trial that lasted for 70 days, Khan et al [ 48 ] and Khan et al [ 58 ] reported that Mahseer fish displayed increased growth performance. Kumar et al [ 59 ] and Kumar et al [ 60 ] stated that Pangasinodon hypophthalmus treated with Se nanoparticles at 1–2 mg/kg had enhanced growth performance. Further, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fed dietary Se nanoparticles at 2 mg/kg for 60 days had enhanced growth performance and feed utilization [ 61 ].…”

“…Concurrently, Khan et al [ 48 ] and Khan et al [ 58 ] reported that Mahseer fish fed dietary Se nanoparticles (0.68 mg/kg) had increased red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit values, and lysozyme activity. Kumar et al [ 60 ] reported that P. hypophthalmus fed dietary Se nanoparticles (0.5 mg/kg) had increased acetylcholine esterase, NBT, total immunoglobulin, myeloperoxidase, globulin, and reduced serum cortisol, lipid peroxidation, and blood glucose. Nazer et al [ 61 ] reported that rainbow trout fed dietary Se nanoparticles (2 mg/kg) had increased red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.…”

“…The protective role of Se in relieving stress-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunosuppression is probably attributed to the antioxidative and the regulation of stress-related genes. In this regard, Se nanoparticles are illustrated to reduce the expression of heat shock protein 70 ( HSP70 ) as a stress-related marker in Nile tilapia [ 52 ], European Seabass [ 56 , 57 ], and P. hypophthalmus [ 60 ].…”

Influence of Dietary Compounds on Arsenic Metabolism and Toxicity. Part I—Animal Model Studies

“…Two studies evaluated the protective effect of riboflavin (and selenium nanoparticles) on reducing the adverse effects of iAs in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus reared in the presence of iAs and high temperature [19,20] (Table 3).…”

“…In the studies involving Pangasianodon, only tAs bioaccumulation in various organs was analyzed. Vitamin B 2 supplementation caused a reduction in tAs concentration in the liver, gills, brain, kidneys, and muscles [19,20].…”