Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed low genetic diversity in the endangered Indian wild ass
            <i>Equus hemionus khur</i>

Khaire, Devendra; Atkulwar, Ashwin; Farah, Sameera; Baig, Mumtaz

doi:10.3109/24701394.2016.1174221

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Low mtDNA diversity is likely to occur in the wild population due to the presence of small number of founder females 38 – 41 . Also, it can be taken as a sign of population decline 40 , 42 , 43 . Genetic variation between individuals is prerequisite for evolution and adaptive changes, and has profound implications for conservation 41 , 44 – 46 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur, Bos gaurus and its phylogenetic implications

Kamalakkannan

Bhavana

Prabhu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the gaur is the largest extant cattle species and distributed across South and Southeast Asia. Around 85% of its current global population resides in India, however there has been a gradual decrease in the gaur population over the last two decades due to various anthropogenic activities. Mitochondrial genome is considered as an important tool for species identification and monitoring the populations of conservation concern and therefore it becomes an obligation to sequence the mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur. We report here for the first time 16,345 bp mitochondrial genome of four Indian gaur sequenced using two different approaches. Mitochondrial genome consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. Among the 37 genes, 28 were positioned on the H-strand and 9 were positioned on the L-strand. The overall base composition appeared to be 33.5% A, 27.2% T, 25.9% C and 13.4% G, which yielded a higher AT content. The phylogenetic analysis using complete mitochondrial genome sequences unambiguously suggested that gaur is the maternal ancestor of domestic mithun. Moreover, it also clearly distinguished the three sub species of B. gaurus i.e. B. gaurus gaurus, B. gaurus readei and B. gaurus hubbacki. Among the three sub species, B. gaurus gaurus was genetically closer to B. gaurus readei as compared to B. gaurus hubbacki. The findings of our study provide an insight into the genetic structure and evolutionary history of indian gaur. The gaur, Bos gaurus also known as "Indian bison" is the largest living wild cattle species belonging to the family Bovidae 1. The historical distribution of gaur ranged throughout much of the mainland South and Southeast Asia. But, currently it occurs in a few Asian countries such as Bangladesh,

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur, Bos gaurus and its phylogenetic implications

Kamalakkannan

Bhavana

Prabhu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Their sequences form the Kh clade (Figs 2 and 3 ). HVR sequences (240 bp) from the present-day khurs of Rann of Kachchh [ 48 ] share with the historic khur samples the characteristic SNPs of the Kh clade (Fig B in S2 File ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA

et al. 2017

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Taxonomic over-splitting of extinct or endangered taxa, due to an incomplete knowledge of both skeletal morphological variability and the geographical ranges of past populations, continues to confuse the link between isolated extant populations and their ancestors. This is particularly problematic with the genus Equus. To more reliably determine the evolution and phylogeographic history of the endangered Asiatic wild ass, we studied the genetic diversity and inter-relationships of both extinct and extant populations over the last 100,000 years, including samples throughout its previous range from Western Europe to Southwest and East Asia. Using 229 bp of the mitochondrial hypervariable region, an approach which allowed the inclusion of information from extremely poorly preserved ancient samples, we classify all non-African wild asses into eleven clades that show a clear phylogeographic structure revealing their phylogenetic history. This study places the extinct European wild ass, E. hydruntinus, the phylogeny of which has been debated since the end of the 19th century, into its phylogenetic context within the Asiatic wild asses and reveals recent mitochondrial introgression between populations currently regarded as separate species. The phylogeographic organization of clades resulting from these efforts can be used not only to improve future taxonomic determination of a poorly characterized group of equids, but also to identify historic ranges, interbreeding events between various populations, and the impact of ancient climatic changes. In addition, appropriately placing extant relict populations into a broader phylogeographic and genetic context can better inform ongoing conservation strategies for this highly-endangered species.

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“…Lack of mitochondrial DNA variation in the current wild gaur population points toward the presence of a single, small population of wild gaur with less number of founder females in MTR (Md-Zain et al 2018). Considering the single locus and contribution of mtDNA to the whole genome, low diversity at the maternal level is justified and reported in several species Khaire et al 2016). Human-induced disturbances including the conversion of wild habitat into agricultural land by native tribes are also responsible for the severe habitat destruction in central India including MTR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in wild gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus): evidence from extant and historical samples

Atkulwar

Farah

Gadhikar

et al. 2020

Mitochondrial DNA Part B

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Bos gaurus gaurus commonly called as gaur is a wild bovid species inhabiting South and Southeast Asia and attained vulnerable status in India. In this study, we typed 62 extant free-ranging wild gaur individuals for mitochondrial partial displacement loop (D-loop) and cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) from the Melghat Tiger Reserve (MTR). Two historical DNA samples originating from museums and two Tectona grandis bark fibers samples browsed by wild gaur were also used as a source of environmental DNA. Both D-loop and Cyt b loci show the occurrence of a single haplotype in the contemporary wild gaur population. While D-loop fragment sequencing of two historical museum samples reveals two unique haplotypes, virtually absent in the present wild gaur population of MTR. Amplifications of the similar haplotypes in gaur DNA samples obtained through chewed T. grandis bark fibers have proved the efficacy of eDNA. Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) analysis using extant and historical D-loop sequences illustrate population decline starting from upper Mesolithic. Also, the BSP graph indicates accelerated effective population size decline (N e), a time period coinciding with the different phases of the 5000 years old Indus civilization. The plot shows an overall declining trend in the wild gaur population, a probable outcome of ever-shrinking habitat in the central Indian landscape caused by prehistoric, medieval and colonial hunting practices.

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Mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed low genetic diversity in the endangered Indian wild ass Equus hemionus khur

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

The complete mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur, Bos gaurus and its phylogenetic implications

The complete mitochondrial genome of Indian gaur, Bos gaurus and its phylogenetic implications

Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in wild gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus): evidence from extant and historical samples

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