Mitochondrial Dynamics Imbalance: A Strategy for Promoting Viral Infection

Abstract

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that maintain the dynamic balance of splitfusion via kinetic proteins. This maintains the stability of their morphological functions. This dynamic balance is highly susceptible to various stress environments, including viral infection. After viral infection, the dynamic balance of the host cell mitochondria is disturbed, affecting the processes of energy generation, metabolism, and innate immunity. This creates an intracellular environment that is conducive to viral proliferation and begins the process of its own infection and causes further damage to the body. Herein, we discuss the mechanism of the virus-induced mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and its subsequent effects on the body, which will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and viral infection and its importance.

CVB3-Mediated Mitophagy Plays an Important Role in Viral Replication via Abrogation of Interferon Pathways

“…In addition, there are other receptormediated pathways leading to mitophagy including BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), Nip3-like protein X (NIX)/BNIP3L, FUN14 domain containing protein 1 (FUNDC1), and optineurin (OPTN). Multiple viruses have gained various strategies to counteract the antiviral mechanisms by controlling mitochondrial quality and content (Zhang et al, 2018;Ren et al, 2020). A recent study by Sin et al showed that CVB3 promotes mitochondrial fragmentation and uses mitophagosomes to release extracellular microvesicles to promote viral dissemination (Sin et al, 2017).…”

Antiviral bioactivity of resveratrol against Zika virus infection in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

“…Viruses could modulate MD in order to favour their intracellular survival or elude host immunity. Hence, the interplay between MD and viral pathogenesis represents a novel antiviral strategy [41]. The impact of Flavivirus infection on the MD has been mainly focused on DENV.…”

Mitophagy in Antiviral Immunity

“…Therefore, mitochondrial fission is considered a prerequisite step for mitophagy (Mizushima et al, 2002;Rambold et al, 2011;Pernas and Scorrano, 2016;Burman et al, 2017). In response to the apical role of the mitochondria in antiviral immunity and the critical role of fusion and fission in maintaining mitochondrial health and function, viruses have developed a range of strategies to influence mitochondrial dynamics and promote their own proliferation and persistence in the cell (Ren et al, 2020).…”

“…Mitochondria are susceptible to the multifaceted effects of viral infection, either by direct attack of virus-encoded proteins or by regulation of infection-induced changes in cellular conditions. Therefore, maintaining a balance between mitochondrial fusion, fission, and the proper function of mitophagy is important for cells to cope with viral infections (Ren et al, 2020). Studies have shown that some viruses can manipulate various steps of the molecular machinery of mitophagy for their own benefit (Figure 2).…”