“…Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as an autoimmune disease, can lead to the symmetric destruction of bones and cartilage in small joints throughout the body, resulting in joint pain, limited mobility, and, in severe cases, significant limb deformities. The etiology of RA remains incompletely understood, with mainstream theories suggesting a multi-factorial causation involving genetic, environmental, and microbial factors [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Numerous studies have shown that helminth infection or intervention with helminth-derived proteins can alleviate the occurrence and progression of CIA in mice [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”