Mix design, mechanical properties and durability of the rubberized geopolymer concrete: A review

Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials on the Durability of Concrete: A Review on Mechanisms, Provisions, Challenges, and Future Prospects

“…The cardinal transport methods by which aggressive agents ingress into the concrete causing deterioration include absorption, diffusion, capillary action, and permeation [5,47]. Diffusion allows the mass flow due to the differences in concentration gradients on two given points to neutralize the effect of the concentration gradient [22,51,52]. Diffusion is progressed much faster in gases, followed by liquids, whilst diffusion is slowest in solids.…”

“…Unsatisfactory concrete cover quality, poor design practice, presence of aggressive agents and structures in coastal environments exposed to seawater, high temperature, and moisture encourage chloride ingress into the concrete, thus initiating corrosion [37]. Chloride ions can permeate into cementitious concrete exposed to chloride salt solutions through diffusion, wicking, and absorption processes [22,42,51,58].…”

“…The manufacturing of OPC clinker results in utilizing massive quantities of natural resources and energy, which has an adverse impact on the environment [17][18][19][20][21]. It is estimated that 0.83 kg of CO 2 is produced during the production of 1 kg of cement clinker, which corresponds to the cement manufacturing industry bearing responsibility for nearly 6-8% of global CO 2 emissions [17,[22][23][24]. Enhancing the longevity and efficacy of concrete structures unquestionably contributes to the global objectives of reducing CO 2 emissions.…”

Impact of Alkaline Concentration on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Made up of Fly Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

“…Because of increased urbanization and industrialization, there is increased demand for extensive infrastructural development, requiring more concrete as a construction material. In 2021, cement production reportedly reached 4.4 billion tons worldwide [1,2], and the annual concrete consumption is forecasted to pass 18 billion tons by 2050 [3]. The manufacture of Portland cement (PC) used in concrete has substantial effects on the environment in terms of high energy use, natural resource depletion, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions [4][5][6].…”