“…There have been valuable contributions made in the literature for the application of CFD to model volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k L a) [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], power density (P/V) [ 43 , 44 , 45 ], mixing time [ 46 , 47 , 48 ], Kolmogorov length ( λ k ) [ 49 , 50 ], shear stress (τ) [ 51 , 52 , 53 ] and sedimentation [ 54 , 55 ] in bioreactors. Cell culture dynamics, metabolism and product glycosylation have been modelled in the past using mechanistic models [ 56 , 57 , 58 ], statistical models [ 59 , 60 , 61 ], and hybrid models [ 61 , 62 ].…”