Mixing at junctions in water distribution systems: an experimental study

Song, Inhong; Romero-Gómez, Pedro; Andrade, Manuel A.; Mondaca, Mario R.; Choi, Christopher Y.

doi:10.1080/1573062x.2017.1364395

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…where c 2 is the electrical conductivity of distilled water at inlet of pipe 2. Relation between the normalized branch inlet conductivity ratio R c * at pipe 4 outlet and normalized main pipe inlet flow R f * for both S and U configuration is presented in It can be seen that for both configurations experimental results fall into the same region as in the previous study [16]. Configuration S results are above the complete mixing line while for the U configuration results fall below the line.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…While the relationship between distance and the degree of mixing is obvious, complete mixing is still not achieved with the junction distance of 15D. To further investigate mixing behavior both S and U configuration are compared with the experimental results from a previous study [16] where investigation of distance of Tee junctions was considered for 2.5D, 5D and 10D. The focus is on the area around the complete mixing line seen in Figure 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S and U configuration experimental results-normalized branch inlet conductivity ratio R c * to normalized main pipe inlet flow R f * compared with the previous study[16] and shown in relation to the complete mixing line: (a) Configuration S, (b) Configuration U.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Also, when pipe diameters are uneven in a double-Tee junction configuration, mixing behavior is changed, larger differences yield more complete mixing [15]. Mixing behavior is also affected by the orientation of two sequential Tee junctions i.e., the outlet branch is positioned on the same or the opposite side of the inlet branch [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Mixing Phenomena in Double-Tee Junctions

Grbčić

Kranjčević

Lučin

et al. 2019

Water

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This work investigates mixing phenomena in a pressurized pipe system with two sequential Tee junctions and experiments are conducted for a range of different inlet flow ratios, varying distances between Tee junctions and two pipe branching configurations. Additionally, obtained experimental results are compared with results from previous studies by different authors and are used to validate the numerical model using the open source computational fluid dynamics toolbox OpenFOAM. Two different numerical approaches are used—Passive scalar model and Multiphase model. It is found that both numerical models produce similar results and that they are both greatly dependent on the turbulent Schmidt number. After the calibration procedure, both models provided good results for all investigated flow ratios, double-Tee junction distances, and pipe branching configurations, therefore both numerical models can be applied for a wide range of pipe networks configurations, but passive scalar model is the viable choice due to its much higher computational efficiency. Obtained results also describe the relationship between the double-Tee distances and complete mixing occurrence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Mixing Phenomena in Double-Tee Junctions

Grbčić

Kranjčević

Lučin

et al. 2019

Water

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“…Yu et al [15] studied the mixing characteristics of the double-Tee junction with different diameters and found that the larger the pipe diameter ratio is, the better the mixing degree is. Song et al [16] conducted laboratory experiments to characterize solute mixing patterns at double-Tee and wye junctions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally Determined Solute Mixing under Laminar and Transitional Flows at Junctions in Water Distribution Systems

Shao

Zhao

Yang

et al. 2019

Advances in Civil Engineering

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The water quality model in water distribution systems adopted in EPANET and other commercial simulation programs assumed perfect mixing of solute at pipe junctions. However, imperfect solute mixing at pipe junctions at turbulent flow has been reported. Yet, the mixing under laminar and transitional flow is rarely reported and thus is the focus of experimental study reported here. The experimental results show that the average Reynolds number and the outflows Reynolds number ratio controls degrees of the mixing at the pipe junctions. For cross junctions, the mixing degree is a function of the average Reynolds number in three regions; each has different mixing mechanisms and mathematical relationship. For double-Tee junctions, the dimensionless connecting pipe length plays a more important role than the Reynolds number ratios of outflows and average Reynolds number on mixing because a longer connecting pipe length gives more mixing space and time for the water flow mixing.

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