Mixtures Risk Assessment: Available Methods and Future Directions

Abstract

Humans are simultaneously or sequentially exposed to many chemicals throughout their life, intentionally or unintentionally. These could include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, household products, and food additives. Individual control over exposure varies across personal, occupational, and environmental chemical exposure pathways. Personal lifestyle exposures such as firsthand tobacco smoke or alcohol are voluntary. Occupational exposure is “voluntary,” but the individual generally has less control over these exposures. On the other hand, individuals usually have few options for controlling environmental exposures under ordinary circumstances.