“…Moreover, m-government provides personalized services and real-time access to information (Alkhwaldi & Al-Ajaleen, 2022). Aside from improving citizens' livelihoods, m-government can increase governments' effectiveness, efficiency, and citizen participation, as well as reduce spending (Wirtz et al, 2021). However, the adoption level of m-government services by citizens in many countries, such as Saudi Arabia (Bamufleh et al, 2021), Tanzania (Ishengoma, 2022), India (Hebbar & Kiran, 2022), and Spain (Liébana-Cabanillas et al, 2021), is unsatisfactory.…”