“…Several methods have been proposed to investigate the CNS effects of modafinil in human ( Ellis et al, 1999 ; Spence et al, 2005 ; Hunter et al, 2006 ; Thomas and Kwong, 2006 ; Kim et al, 2007 ; Joo et al, 2008a ; Minzenberg et al, 2008 ; Rasetti et al, 2010 ; Ghahremani et al, 2011 ; Minzenberg et al, 2011 ; Goudriaan et al, 2013 ; Schmaal et al, 2013 ; Funayama et al, 2014 ; Schmaal et al, 2014 ; Ikeda et al, 2017 ; Schmidt et al, 2017 ) and animals ( Engber et al, 1998 ; van Vliet et al, 2008 ; Dawson et al, 2012 ; Gozzi et al, 2012 ), including fMRI, 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, FDG PET, and cerebral blood flow assesement using single-photon emission computed tomography. These data tend towards a consensus over cortical and subcortical brain activations induced by modafinil including hypothalamic and thalamic regions ( Thomas and Kwong, 2006 ; Gozzi et al, 2012 ), which are highly involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycle ( Szabadi, 2006 ; Lin et al, 2011 ).…”