“…A large number of diagnostic solutions exist for specific engine types, such as diesel engines (Kimmich et al, 2005;Schwarte et al, 2002) and spark-ignited automotive engines (Gagliardi et al, 2018;Svärd et al, 2013), or for subcomponents, such as the common rail system (Clever and Isermann, 2010). As these methods were expressly developed for certain engine types and, thus, for certain fault types, they are not suitable for general application on engine test beds.…”