Modeling air conditioner load for power system studies

Tomiyama, Katsuyuki; Daniel, J. Praveen; Ihara, Satoshi

doi:10.1109/59.667361

Cited by 53 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Their availability depends a lot on the appliance considered: whereas electric space heaters have a good availability (0.4 oa r o1) due to the fact that they are turned on for long periods of time, washing machines have a very limited one (a r o0.1) as they are typically turned on once every two days for two hours [48,49]. Similar rationale applies for their predictability [41,50]. Heat pumps coupled with thermal energy storage stand out in this category; their max power temporal ratio can reach up to 3 h without any inconvenience for end-users [51], making those units suited for longer grid services such as peak shaving.…”

Section: Consuming Der: Residential Loadsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design

Eid

Codani

Pérez

et al. 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

355

163

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a b s t r a c tIn many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium-and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets.

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Section: Consuming Der: Residential Loadsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design

Eid

Codani

Pérez

et al. 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

355

163

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This situation leads not only to a high current consumption scenario, but also to a high increase of the reactive power demand. This type of behaviour can explain some of the voltage collapses that took place in Japan [4,5].…”

Section: Air Conditioning Appliances As Electric Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Voltage collapse [4,5]. The voltage reduction at the terminals of the residential air conditioning appliances reduces the electromagnetic motor torque driving the compressor.…”

Section: Air Conditioning Appliances As Electric Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supply voltage effects on the operation of residential air conditioning appliances: Theoretical analysis

Gordon¹,

Rodriguez²,

Ortega³

et al. 2024

RE&PQJ

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Abstract. The deregulation of the electric energy market and the difficulties related to distribution network such as the congestion, the increasing growth of the installed power density in urban zones, the growth of the delivery-provided energy and the spectacular increase that the peak power experiences are new problems to be faced by the utility engineers. So, the knowledge of the load behaviour is becoming more and more important in the planning and operation of the electric energy distribution network.In this paper, the influence of domestic air conditioning equipment, one of the most energy consuming domestic loads in Spain, in the electrical energy distribution network is addressed. The research is focused on analysis of the voltage supply effects on the operation of home air condition appliances, from a theoretical point of view. Some load models of the domestic air conditioning appliances as electrical load are considered.

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“…Frequency control using variation in average power consumption of the loads is achieved by switching those on/off with appropriate duty cycles [10], [11]. This is also predicated on the fact that the potential candidate loads for DSM e.g., air conditioners, especially, the ones supplied through adjustable speed drives exhibit a constant power characteristics over a wide voltage range [12] which rules out any possibility of continuous control. Moreover, if the load is operating at its rated capacity, the average power consumption of the load can only be reduced, not increased through on/off control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Frequency Control Contribution From Smart Loads Using Reactive Compensation

Akhtar

Chaudhuri

Hui

2015

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

108

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Frequency-dependent loads inherently contribute to primary frequency response. This paper describes additional contribution to primary frequency control based on voltagedependent noncritical (NC) loads that can tolerate a wide variation of supply voltage. By using a series of reactive compensators to decouple the NC load from the mains to form a smart load (SL), the voltage, and hence the active power of the NC load, can be controlled to regulate the mains frequency. The scope of this paper focuses primarily on reactive compensators for which only the magnitude of the injected voltage could be controlled while maintaining the quadrature relationship between the current and voltage. New control guidelines are suggested. The effectiveness of the SLs in improving mains frequency regulation without considering frequency-dependent loads and with little relaxation in mains voltage tolerance is demonstrated in a case study on the IEEE 37 bus test distribution network. Sensitivity analysis is included to show the effectiveness and limitations of SLs for varying load power factors, proportion of SLs, and system strengths.Index Terms-Demand response (DR), demand-side management (DSM), electric spring (ES), primary frequency control, reactive compensator, smart load (SL), voltage control.

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Modeling air conditioner load for power system studies

Cited by 53 publications

References 7 publications

Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design

Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design

Supply voltage effects on the operation of residential air conditioning appliances: Theoretical analysis

Primary Frequency Control Contribution From Smart Loads Using Reactive Compensation

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