Modeling and Simulation as a Tool to Assess Voriconazole Exposure in the Central Nervous System

Abstract

Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal used empirically for the treatment of complicated meningitis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans. Biopsy studies show that the drug exhibits adequate brain penetration although levels of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are highly variable. Considering that CSF is one of the main surrogates for CNS exposure, the present work proposed the building of a population pharmacokinetic modeling (popPK) model able to describing the exposure achieved by voriconazole in the plasma, interstitial cerebral fluid and CSF of healthy and infected rats. The developed popPK model was described by four compartments, including total plasma, free brain and total CSF concentrations. The following PK parameters were determined: Km = 4.76 mg/L, Vmax = 1.06 mg/h, Q1 = 2.69 L, Qin = 0.81 h−1 and Qout = 0.63 h−1. Infection was a covariate in the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and intercompartmental clearance from the brain tissue compartment to central compartment (Qout). Simulations performed with the popPK model to determine the probability of reaching the therapeutic target of fAUC > MIC showed that VRC has sufficient tissue exposure in the interstitial fluid and in the CSF for the treatment of fungal infections in these tissues at prevalent minimum inhibitory concentrations.

Preclinical Models for Cryptococcosis of the CNS and Their Characterization Using In Vivo Imaging Techniques

“…More recently, rat models have increasingly been used to study the treatment of cryptococcosis. For example, in a study performed by Staudt et al, a rat model was used to study the effect of voriconazole (a triazole antifungal) to treat cryptococcal meningitis caused by CN [116].…”