Modeling and simultaneous management of electric vehicle penetration and demand response to improve distribution network performance

Abstract

Background: The usage of electric vehicles is daily increasing. It is predicted that the penetration of electric vehicles in the electrical network will grow steadily during the next few years. This growth of penetration causes major challenges for power system users, especially the distribution network. Firstly, increasing load consumption, especially during peak hours, and secondly, increasing the cost of developing a network to provide load, along with the operation moved away from the optimum point, are the major challenges of the penetration of electric vehicles. The aim of this study is to propose a solution not only to resolve these challenges but also to make an opportunity to improve the network parameters. Methods: The charging and discharging strategy along with two price-based and voltage-based load management programs are proposed to manage the penetration of electric vehicles for economic and technical purposes. The proposed plan is implemented by GAMS and MATLAB software on the distribution network. Results: The test network used in this study is the 37 buses low voltage network. The voltage of this network is 400V and its power reference is 100kVA. The upstream nominal capacity is 800 kVA. The allowed voltage range is also 0.9 pu to 1.05 pu. The network loads are indoor and equipped with electric vehicle parking. Conclusions: The results showed that by properly managing the penetration of electric vehicles along with responsive loads, not only were the network parameters not compromised and the penetration of all the vehicles was managed without the need for network development, but also by applying the proposed strategy, the network parameters were improved.

Tuning of renewable energy bids based on energy risk management: Enhanced microgrids with pareto‐optimal profits for the utility and prosumers

“…The EVs were modelled using the procedure proposed in [33, 34], which requires the initialization of the following variables: maximum battery capacity $$ba{t_{max}}$$, SoC of the EV battery $$E_{soc}^{k,t}$$, maximum percentage of battery capacity considering battery life $${{{\Phi}}_{max}}$$, minimum percentage of battery capacity considering battery life $${{{\Phi}}_{min}}$$, charging bid price submitted by EV owner $$bi{d_{ch}}$$, submitted discharging bid price for EVs $$bi{d_{dch}}$$, maximum charging power provided to EV $${p_{chmax}}$$, maximum discharging power drawn from EV $${p_{dchmax}}$$, minimum charging power provided to EV $${p_{chmin}}$$, minimum discharging power drawn from EV $${p_{dchmin}}$$, and battery charging and discharging efficiencies $$\eta _k^c$$ and $$\eta _k^d,$$ respectively. In addition, the number of EVs and the number of hours for which the EVs are in the parking lot must be determined.…”

Simultaneous allocation ofEVcharging stations and renewable energy sources: An EliteRERNN‐m2MPAapproach

“…Sa'adati et al, 40 have introduced an optimal location with capacity of FCSs and renewable energy sources were concurrently determined, while deviation paths and uncertainties of RESs. Bakhshinejad et al, 41 have introduced a method not only deal the challenges but also create an opportunity to enhance the parameters of network. Where, the charge with discharge mode, price‐based, voltage‐base load management schemes to run the penetration of EVs for economic with technical purposes.…”

Simultaneously allocating electric vehicle charging stations ( EVCS ) and photovoltaic ( PV ) energy resources in smart grid considering uncertainties: A hybrid technique

“…Sa'adati et al 45 portrayed the ideal location and capacity of fast charging stations and RES were simultaneously defined. Bakhshinejad et al 46 introduced a solution that not only face the challenges but also to make an opportunity to upgrade the network parameters. The charging and discharging mode along two price base and voltage base load management scheme manages the penetration of electric vehicles for economic and technical purposes.…”