“…The corresponding databases have provided a stronghold for engine simulations with regards to model validation and development. Together, experimental and (RANS-) modeling studies have jointly addressed studies of flow cycle-to-cycle variations (ccv) [14,23], sprays [15], ignition [24][25][26], and combustion [27]. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) studies have primarily been concentrated with the SGEmac, Darmstadt, and TCC-III engine databases.…”