Modeling of a novel biosensor with integrated mass and electrochemical sensing capabilities

Zainuddin, Ahmad Anwar; Nordin, Anis Nurashikin; Rahim, Rosminazuin Ab; Mak, Wing Cheung

doi:10.1109/iecbes.2016.7843485

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As the sensor is aimed for biological applications, gold was chosen for the working and counter electrodes. Gold allows formation of self-assembled monolayers via covalent bonding between gold and thiols [16], [26]. The fabrication process of the IEQCM on a quartz substrate is described in Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Work a Fabrication Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Multichannel Electrochemical–Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors for Liquid Sensing

et al. 2020

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This paper highlights the design, simulation and fabrication of an array of twelve integrated electrochemical-quartz crystal microbalance (IEQCM) sensors on a single substrate for liquid sensing. Integration of both measurement techniques is made possible by combining the three electrode electrochemical device with the top and bottom electrodes for the microbalance. Important design parameters such as the working electrode radius and gap spacing, were studied using both theoretical calculations and COMSOL Multiphysics R finite element simulations. The sensor's working electrode radius affects the magnitude of the frequency response while the gap affects the capacitance and current density which are important for electrochemical measurements. It was found that the best values for the working electrode radius was 2 mm and gap spacing was 0.5 mm. The sensors were fabricated using microfabrication techniques for the gold electrode and screen printing techniques for the reference electrode. Water contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscope were utilized to study the surface roughness of the IEQCM sensor. IEQCM has a low contact angle of 53.0 ± 1 • and low surface roughness of 1.92nm. For liquid sensing, an array of circular chambers were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and placed on top of the quartz substrate for liquid testing. Electrochemical measurements and cyclic voltammetry were performed using the sensor in ferri-ferrocyanide and phosphate buffered saline solution to study the function of scan rates on the peak current with respect to the potential difference. For mass sensing measurements, liquid water droplets of 1uL-10 uL were placed onto the sensing surface and the change in resonance frequencies of the sensors were measured. These resonance frequency changes can be converted in mass change/area in accordance to the advanced Sauerbrey equation. The multichannel IEQCM sensor shows good potential as a parallel sensor for both biosensing and environmental applications. INDEX TERMS Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), sensor arrays, microelectromechanical devices, mass spectroscopy, and acoustic devices.

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Section: Experimental Work a Fabrication Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Multichannel Electrochemical–Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors for Liquid Sensing

et al. 2020

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“…Sensors with high sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency are becoming increasingly popular in recent years. Recently, it is found that many applications in diverse industries such as environmental, drug and healthcare, food and beverages, pharmaceutical or clinical laboratories, and agricultural used screen-printed sensors with electrochemical systems as main basis or as a whole part [1], [2]. For example, the nicotine sensor created by researchers in [3] is a screen-printed sensor based on electrochemical detection that has been used to quantify nicotine levels in sweats of heavy and light cigarette smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, before it can be used as an effective electrochemical biosensor, standard SPEs must be developed, thus, the optimal configuration of the SPE sensor in terms of sensor structure and geometrical dimensions must be analysed to increase the sensitivity and performance of these electrochemicalbased sensors [8]. Moreover, there is still a lack of discussion about sensor parameter optimization and how it affects electrode electrochemical efficiency [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Geometrical Parameters of Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) for Electrochemical-Based Sensor

Roslan

Rahim

Ralib

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics (RSM)

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Screen printing is a known method to produce disposable and low-cost sensors. Depending on the application such as food analysis, environmental health monitoring, disease detection and toxin detection, screen-printed electrodes can be fabricated in a variety of sizes and shapes. Modification of the electrode's material and geometrical dimension may be done to produce effective screen-printed three-electrodes system. Thus, the effects of varying the working electrode (WE) area in radius of 0.9 mm to 2 mm, gap spacing between electrodes ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm, and the width of the counter electrode in range of 0.7 to 1.3 mm on sensor's performance was investigated in this study through COMSOL simulation. It was found that the modification of the working electrode radius and the gap between the electrodes has the most significant effect on sensor's performance, while modifying the width of the counter electrode (CE) shows no significant effect. Sensors with 0.9 mm radius or 2.54 mm² WE area and 0.5 mm gap spacing has shown the optimum performance with 0.026 A/m² current density which is contributed by 0.044 pF capacitance value. As a conclusion, regardless of the width of counter electrodes, a smaller gap between electrodes and a smaller working area would lead to optimal performance of a screenprinted three-electrode sensor system.

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“…Several types of transducers have been employed over the years as biosensors; e.g. electrochemical [6], [7], mass-sensing (mechanical) [8], [9], optical [10], [11], and field-effect transistors [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, non-uniform results are observable if the same SPE is used in another application. For this reason, most SPEs are disposable, where the electrodes are only meant for single-use applications for specific target detection and specific transduction methods like EIS and CV [29]. Although SPEs are low-cost POC devices, it will increase operational cost and time especially when it involves establishing multiple testing or results verification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Array using Vector Network Analyzer and OpenQCM

Zainuddin

Nordin

Rahim

et al. 2018

IJEECS

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Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is a device that allows non-destructive measurements of r in situ reaction activities. In this article, an array comprising of six 3MHz QCM sensors in an array were characterized using a vector network analyzer and OpenQCM, a portable measuring instrument that measures change in resonance frequency. Measurements of S21 transmission characteristics using the vector network analyzer provides the resonance frequency and can also be used to derive the RLC equivalent electrical circuit values of a resonant two-port network based on the Butterworth-Van Dyke model. In this work, Rm, Lm, Cm and Co were obtained via curve-fitting of the measurement results to the simulated results. Measurements were done in triplicates to verify reproducibility for all 6 sensors. For comparison, measurements were also done using a portable, open-source instrument, OpenQCM. The OpenQCM instrument directly measures changes in resonance frequencies, making it ideal for biosensing experiments, which correlate changes in mass with changes in resonance frequencies. Comparison between resonance frequency measurements using VNA and OpenQCM exhibit low percentage difference 0.2%. This QCM sensor array has the potential of conducting real-time, point-of-care analyses for detection of biological molecules.

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Modeling of a novel biosensor with integrated mass and electrochemical sensing capabilities

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Integrated Multichannel Electrochemical–Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors for Liquid Sensing

Integrated Multichannel Electrochemical–Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors for Liquid Sensing

Simulation of Geometrical Parameters of Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) for Electrochemical-Based Sensor

Verification of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Array using Vector Network Analyzer and OpenQCM

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