Modeling of Complex Systems Including Transmission, Distribution, Aggregation, Ancillary Services Markets

A Local Capacity Market Providing Local and System-Wide Flexibility Services

“…As a result, the DSO needs sufficient new active network management schemes to coordinate traditional functionalities, distributed flexible energy resources control settings, and possible new market structures [6]- [9]. Besides, conventional generators are currently the main resources that provide flexibility services for TSOs [9], [11]. In this regard, the flexibility potential of flexible energy resources located at distribution networks and demand-side resources needs to be fully utilized for the provision of the flexibility for the future power systems.…”

Optimized Operation of Local Energy Community Providing Frequency Restoration Reserve

“…Flexibility services can be provided by different FERs located in the transmission network and/or the distribution network. Exploiting the maximum flexibility potential of the power system requires the active utilization of FERs in all levels of the system [2]. Currently, transmission-network-connected FERs such as conventional generators are the only resources being deployed to satisfy system-wide (TSO-level) flexibility needs [3], [4].…”

“…The variable that helps to calculate the maximum upward flexible capacities of the LEC is defined by (2).…”