Modeling the Factors Associated with Incomplete Immunization among Children

Abstract

Immunization is a precautionary measure that helps to stop diseases before their occurrence. Vaccine-preventable diseases are a primary cause of death among children under the age of five in many developing nations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunization status and associated demographic characteristics among children aged 12–23 months in Punjab, Pakistan. The study used the data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) for Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from caregivers using interviewer-administered questionnaires. To summarize the data, descriptive statistics are computed, and logistic regression is used to identify the significant factors that are responsible for complete immunization among the children in Punjab. Odds ratios, 95% CI, and Chi-square statistics were computed to identify the factors associated with no or partial immunization. The prevalence of complete immunization coverage was 89.1%. Women in the rich wealth quantile had the highest odds of completing the immunization for their children (AOR = 2.314; 95% CI: 1.642–3.261) compared to those who are poor. Those in rural areas were more likely to fully vaccinate their children (AOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.232–1.925) compared to those in urban areas. Those in the highest level of the educational group (AOR = 2.639; 95% CI: 1.800–3.87) are more likely to complete vaccination for their children compared to those with no formal education. However, female children are less likely to complete immunization compared to male children (AOR = 0.813; 95% CI: 0.687–0.963). The immunization status of children shows a significant association with maternal education, wealth status, and area of residence.

Mapping geographical inequalities of incomplete immunization in Ethiopia: a spatial with multilevel analysis

“…This study is comparable with prior studies conducted in different areas of Ethiopia ( 36 , 37 ), in Saharan African migrant children's in Moroco ( 38 ), pooled Demographic Health survey reports of 25 Sub-Saharan African countries ( 39 ). Whereas, the above figure is higher than a study conducted in Ethiopia ( 15 , 40 – 42 ), Togo ( 43 ), Nigeria ( 44 ), Indonesia ( 45 ), Pakistan ( 46 ), India ( 47 ), and Brazil ( 48 ). The possible explanation for the observed discrepancy might be due to the fact that the EDHS is a nation-wide survey that addresses the most hard-to-reach areas that the previous primary studies would not cover, the difference in the study period (this study uses data collected in 2019), the discrepancy in terms of variations of policies against immunization services between countries, and socio-cultural and socio-demographic differences across countries ( 11 , 47 ).…”