Modelling characteristics to predict Legionella contamination risk – Surveillance of drinking water plumbing systems and identification of risk areas

Völker, Sebastian; Schreiber, Christiane; Kistemann, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.09.007

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The main sources of infection causing outbreaks and legionellosis epidemic are water from the air-conditioning cooling system, condensed water system, cold and hot water supply systems, hot springs, and spa baths, amongst others. Possible sources of human infection are faucets, shower heads, fountains and evaporative condensers [6]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Legionellosis had also been an increasing concern in other countries. In Poland, a study carried out from 2001 to 2008 in Warsaw revealed that the frequency of Legionella was 78% in the hospitals’ hot water systems, 68% in industrial plants, 93% in residential buildings, and 68% in hotels [6]. In four provinces of Gabon, Africa, 29 isolates of Legionella spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Prevalence and Genetic Polymorphisms of Legionella in Natural and Man-Made Aquatic Environments in Wenzhou, China

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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Natural and engineered water systems are the main sources of Legionnaires’ disease. It is essential from a public health perspective to survey water environments for the existence of Legionella. To analyze the main serogroups, genotypes and pathogenicity of the pathogen, a stratified sampling method was adopted to collect water samples randomly from shower water, cooling tower water, and local public hot springs in Wenzhou, China. Suspected strains were isolated from concentrated water samples. Serum agglutination assay and real-time PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) were used to identify L. pneumophila. Sequence-based typing (SBT) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to elucidate the genetic polymorphisms in the collected isolates. The intracellular growth ability of the isolates was determined through their interaction with J774 cells and plating them onto BCYE (Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract) agar plates. Overall, 25.56% (46/180) of water samples were Legionella-positive; fifty-two strains were isolated and two kinds of serogroups were co-detected from six water samples from 2015 to 2016. Bacterial concentrations ranged from 20 CFU/100 mL to 10,720 CFU/100 mL. In detail, the Legionella-positive rates of shower water, cooling tower water and hot springs water were 15.45%, 13.33%, and 62.5%, respectively. The main serogroups were LP1 (30.69%) and LP3 (28.85%) and all strains carried the dot gene. Among them, 52 isolates and another 10 former isolates were analyzed by PFGE. Nineteen distinct patterns were observed in 52 strains isolated from 2015 to 2016 with three patterns being observed in 10 strains isolated from 2009 to 2014. Seventy-three strains containing 52 from this study and 21 former isolates were selected for SBT analysis and divided into 25 different sequence types in 4 main clonal groups belonging to 4 homomorphic types. Ten strains were chosen to show their abilities to grow and multiply in J744 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a high prevalence and genetic polymorphism of Legionella in Wenzhou’s environmental water system. The investigated environmental water sources pose a potential threat to the public where intervention could help to prevent the occurrence of Legionnaires’ disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence and Genetic Polymorphisms of Legionella in Natural and Man-Made Aquatic Environments in Wenzhou, China

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Wang³

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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show abstract

“…At temperatures higher than 55°C there is a break point and this finding agrees with observations from other studies, who report that the range 55-60°C is a critical temperature region, above which the proliferation of legionellae in the water supply systems is inhibited (Wadowsky, 1982;Darelid, 2002). In this study, after ten minutes of flushing, hot water temperature at the tap ranged between 25.2-52.0°C, with average temperature 45.9°C, while other studies in Germany showed that average temperature after short flush was 47.5°C and temperature at constancy was 52.9°C (Volker, 2015). Such large differences of the temperature can be caused by different technical parameters of the water supply systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Influence of Sampling Season and Sampling Protocol on Detection of Legionella Pneumophila Contamination in Hot Water / Paraugu Ņemšanas Sezonalitātes Un Paraugu Ņemšanas Metodes Ietekme Uz Legionella Pneumophila Kontaminācijas Noteikšanu Karstajš Ūdenī

Pūle

Valciņa

Bērziņš

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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“…Multiplication of L. pneumophila is dependent on water temperature, volume flow rate, flow frequency, followed by nutrient availability (Völker et al, 2015). At temperatures below 20°C, the bacteria become dormant but remain viable for months.…”

Section: Legionella Pneumophila Growth In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Legionella concentration in domestic hot water: comparison of pipe and boiler models

Kenhove

Backer

Janssens

et al. 2019

Journal of Building Performance Simulation

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The energy needed for the production of domestic hot water represents an important share in the total energy demand of well-insulated and airtight buildings. Domestic hot water is produced, stored and distributed above 60°C to kill Legionella pneumophila. This elevated temperature is not necessary for domestic hot water applications and has a negative effect on the efficiency of hot water production units. In this paper, system component models are developed/updated with L. pneumophila growth equations. For that purpose different existing Modelica pipe and boiler models are investigated to select useful models that could be extended with equations for simulation of bacterial growth. In future research, HVAC designers will be able to investigate the contamination risk for L. pneumophila in the design phase of a hot water system, by implementing the customized pipe and boiler model in a hot water system model. Additionally it will be possible, with simulations, to optimise temperature regimes and estimate the energy saving potential without increasing contamination risk. Keywords: domestic hot water (DHW), Legionella pneumophila, pipe model, boiler model, contamination risk, energy use Attachment Annex 1-Approach 1 to determine multiplication time (y and yb) Annex 2-Approach 2 to determine multiplication time (y and yb) Annex 3-Explanation of conservation equations Annex 4-Pipe and boiler models: reasons for non-retention Annex 5-Simulation model components used in pipe and boiler component Annex 6-Understanding the simulation log basics

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Modelling characteristics to predict Legionella contamination risk – Surveillance of drinking water plumbing systems and identification of risk areas

Cited by 36 publications

References 25 publications

High Prevalence and Genetic Polymorphisms of Legionella in Natural and Man-Made Aquatic Environments in Wenzhou, China

High Prevalence and Genetic Polymorphisms of Legionella in Natural and Man-Made Aquatic Environments in Wenzhou, China

Influence of Sampling Season and Sampling Protocol on Detection of Legionella Pneumophila Contamination in Hot Water / Paraugu Ņemšanas Sezonalitātes Un Paraugu Ņemšanas Metodes Ietekme Uz Legionella Pneumophila Kontaminācijas Noteikšanu Karstajš Ūdenī

Simulation of Legionella concentration in domestic hot water: comparison of pipe and boiler models

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