Modelling Diesel Engine Combustion and NOx Formation for Model Based Control and Simulation of Engine and Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems

Ericson, Claes; Westerberg, Björn; Andersson, Magnus; Egnell, Rolf

doi:10.4271/2006-01-0687

Cited by 62 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Literature suggests a direct relationship between NO x release and flame temperature during combustion [66,[76][77][78]. Thus it can be conferred from the observations of this study that saturated components like methyl palmitate and methyl stearate could be associated with a higher tendency to produce NO x than unsaturated components.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Mississippi State Biodiesel Production Project

Hernández¹,

French²,

Fernando³

et al. 2008

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Executive SummaryMunicipal wastewater treatment plants in the United States produce over 6.2 million metric tons of dried sewage sludge every year. This microorganism rich sludge is often land filled or used as fertilizer. Recent restrictions on the use of sewage sludge, however, have resulted in increased disposal problems. Extraction of lipids from sludge yields an untapped source of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. Solvents used for extraction in this study include n-hexane, methanol, acetone, and supercritical CO 2 .Gravimetric yield of oil was low for non-polar solvents but addition of polar solvents gave a considerably increased yield. However, the percent of saponifiable material was less. Extraction of lipids with a mixture of n-hexane, methanol, and acetone gave the largest conversion to biodiesel for a solvent system, 4.41% based on total dry weight of sludge. In Situ transesterification of dried sludge resulted in a yield of 6.23%. Assuming a 10% dry weight yield of FAMEs the amount of biodiesel available for production in the United States is 1.4 million cubic meters per year. Outfitting 50% of municipal wastewater plants for lipid extraction and transesterification could result in enough biodiesel production to replace 0.5% of the national petroleum diesel demand (0.7 million cubic meters).Other sources of lipids investigated were Black mustard, birdseed rape, canola, Camelina, Crambe, flax, and Hesperis. These plants were selected based on their oil content and their capability to grow in the US Southeast. Genetic procedures were developed to increase the oil content of these plants. Of the species investigated, canola, sunflower, and okra have the greatest potential. However, it should be noted that even 4 record yields of all the crops mentioned above will not come close to fully replacing the U.S. need for oil/petroleum. Extraction procedures were developed to recover nutritional components, such as omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from oil and biodiesel. Additionally, a method was developed to isolate another value added product, Vitamin E, from oils. The methods developed were based on differences in binding between polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and the transition metal ions.More than 90% EPA was recovered using AgBF4/SiO2•Im+•PF6¯. After a consecutive two-step stripping by ethyl ether and then 1-hexene, the concentration of EPA increased from 7% in the feed stock solution to about 90% in the 1-hexene stripping solvent. After five recycles, the sorbent is still usable.Ordered mesoporous adsorbents were prepared by physically coating functionalized ionic liquids onto mesoporous silica gel. These adsorbents were successfully applied to the selective extraction and separation of vitamin E from a model mixture of soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Five adsorbent recycle tests showed good reusability of this ionic liquid-modified mesoporous adsorbent.Another approach to improve the overall economic feasibility of biodiesel production...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Mississippi State Biodiesel Production Project

Hernández¹,

French²,

Fernando³

et al. 2008

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“…When NOx mechanism is used in single zone approach, the burnt gas temperature required by NOx reactions is estimated with a correlation function of adiabatic flame temperature [13,14]. In this case, look-up-tables are used, similarly to MVEM approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined mean value engine model and crank angle resolved in-cylinder modeling with NOx emissions model for real-time Diesel engine simulations at high engine speed

Maroteaux

Saad

2015

Energy

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“…For a fast mean value NO x model, oxygen rate in the cylinder and engine operating conditions (usually speed n and injected fuel mass m f ) seem to be suitable variables for characterizing NO x ; see e.g. Ericson, Westerberg, Andersson, and Egnell (2006), Galindo, Luján, Climent, and Guardiola (2007).…”

Section: No X Model Used As Benchmarkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A computationally efficient Kalman filter based estimator for updating look-up tables applied to NOx estimation in diesel engines

Guardiola

Plá

Blanco-Rodriguez

et al. 2013

Control Engineering Practice

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a b s t r a c tNo x estimation in diesel engines is an up-to-date problem but still some issues need to be solved. Raw sensor signals are not fast enough for real-time use while control-oriented models suffer from drift and aging. A control-oriented gray box model based on engine maps and calibrated off-line is used as benchmark model for No x estimation. Calibration effort is important and engine data-dependent. This motivates the use of adaptive look-up tables. In addition to, look-up tables are often used in automotive control systems and there is a need for systematic methods that can estimate or update them on-line. For that purpose, Kalman filter (KF) based methods are explored as having the interesting property of tracking estimation error in a covariance matrix. Nevertheless, when coping with large systems, the computational burden is high, in terms of time and memory, compromising its implementation in commercial electronic control units. However look-up table estimation has a structure, that is here exploited to develop a memory and computationally efficient approximation to the KF, named Simplified Kalman filter (SKF). Convergence and robustness is evaluated in simulation and compared to both a full KF and a minimal steady-state version, that neglects the variance information. SKF is used for the online calibration of an adaptive model for No x estimation in dynamic engine cycles. Prediction results are compared with the ones of the benchmark model and of the other methods. Furthermore, actual online estimation of No x is solved by means of the proposed adaptive structure. Results on dynamic tests with a diesel engine and the computational study demonstrate the feasibility and capabilities of the method for an implementation in engine control units.

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Modelling Diesel Engine Combustion and NOx Formation for Model Based Control and Simulation of Engine and Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems

Cited by 62 publications

References 6 publications

Mississippi State Biodiesel Production Project

Mississippi State Biodiesel Production Project

Combined mean value engine model and crank angle resolved in-cylinder modeling with NOx emissions model for real-time Diesel engine simulations at high engine speed

A computationally efficient Kalman filter based estimator for updating look-up tables applied to NOx estimation in diesel engines

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