Modelling early karstification in future limestone geothermal reservoirs by mixing of meteoric water with cross-formational warm water

Gong, Xing; Hou, Wen-Juan; Dong, Feng; Luo, Qingzi; Yang, Xueqiang

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.10.009

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Hydrochemical digital models of speleogenesis are powerful tools for understanding the physical and chemical processes that determine the evolution of caves. Initial models of the evolution of 1-D fractures (Dreybrodt, 1990;Palmer, 1991;Dreybrodt, 1996) were soon extended to different manifestations of fracture networks within 2D and 3D domains (Groves and Howard, 1994;Siemers and Dreybrodt, 1998;Kaufmann et al, 2010;Kaufmann, 2016;Li et al, 2020). An example range of hypothetical hydrological, structural and geochemical settings was envisioned in order to understand the basic speleogenetic mechanisms (Birk et al, 2003;Kaufmann, 2003;Dreybrodt et al, 2005;Gabrovšek and Dreybrodt, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach

Gabrovšek

Dreybrodt

2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Here we present results of digital modelling of a specific setting of hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis (CAS). We study an unconfined aquifer where meteoric water seeps through the vadose zone and becomes saturated with respect to calcite when it arrives at the water table. From below, deep-seated water with high pCO2 and saturated with respect to calcite invades the limestone formation by forced flow. Two flow domains arise that host exclusively water from the meteoric or deep-seated source. They are separated by a water divide. There by dispersion of flow, a fringe of mixing arises and widening of the fractures is caused by mixing corrosion (MC). The evolution of the cave system is determined by its early state. At sites with high rates of fracture widening, regions of higher hydraulic conductivity are created. They attract flow and support one-by-one mixing with maximal dissolution rates. Therefore, the early evolution is determined by karstification originating close to the input of the upwelling water and at the output at a seepage face. In between these regions, a wide fringe of moderate dissolution is present. In the later stage of evolution, this region is divided by constrictions that originate from statistical variations of fracture aperture widths that favour high dissolution rates and focus flow into this region. This MC-fringe instability is an intrinsic property of cave evolution and is present in all scenarios studied. We have investigated the influence of defined regions with higher fracture aperture widths. These determine the cave patterns and suppress MC-fringe instabilities. We have discussed the influence of the ratio of upwelling water flux rates on the rates of meteoric water. This ratio specifies the position of the mixing fringe and consequently that of the cave system. In a further step, we have explored the influence of time-dependent meteoric recharge. Furthermore, we have modelled scenarios where waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite. These findings give important insight into mechanisms of CAS in a special setting of unconfined aquifers. They also have implications for the understanding of corresponding sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach

Gabrovšek

Dreybrodt

2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of the Geothermal Water in the Qingdong Coal Mine, Northern Anhui Province, China

Gui²,

Chen

et al. 2022

Mine Water Environ

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Constraining fluid-rock interactions during eogenetic karst and their impacts on carbonate reservoirs: Insights from reactive transport modeling

Xiong

Hou

Tan

et al. 2021

Applied Geochemistry

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Modelling early karstification in future limestone geothermal reservoirs by mixing of meteoric water with cross-formational warm water

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of the Geothermal Water in the Qingdong Coal Mine, Northern Anhui Province, China

Constraining fluid-rock interactions during eogenetic karst and their impacts on carbonate reservoirs: Insights from reactive transport modeling

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Modelling early karstification in future limestone geothermal reservoirs by mixing of meteoric water with cross-formational warm water

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration: a modelling approach

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration: a modelling approach

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of the Geothermal Water in the Qingdong Coal Mine, Northern Anhui Province, China

Constraining fluid-rock interactions during eogenetic karst and their impacts on carbonate reservoirs: Insights from reactive transport modeling

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Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach

Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach