Modelling operative and routine learning curves in manoeuvres in locks and in transit in the expanded Panama Canal

Abstract

Piloting in the Panama Canal is exceptional as, due to its importance, the functions of the captains of vessels are taken over by pilots. Hence, prior to inauguration of the expanded canal, a limited number of pilots experienced on the existing canal were certified for the transit of Neopanamax vessels by means of planned and innovative individual learning. After this organisational training through operative training, with the implementation of the expanded canal in June 2016, the routine training started. Hence the learning curve in the performance of these manoeuvres will represent the growing skill acquired by both the pilots and the organisation. Given that the learning effect is measurable, this paper has the dual objective of determining two curve models: the organisation operative learning curve model and the routine learning curve model for pilots performing transit manoeuvres in the expanded Panama Canal waterways and the Cocolí and Agua Clara locks. Manoeuvre times in locks and transit in the whole of the canal were followed up continuously in the first 42 months of operation.

Erosive Degradation Study of Concrete Augmented by Mussel Shells for Marine Construction

“…where resp0 is the initial value of Y, in this case corresponding to a time 0, Asym is the final horizontal assymptote, and lrc is the natural logarithm of the rate constant (the half-life would be t 0.5 = log 2/ exp(lrc)). This model has been used in other domains to explain the relationship between polymer mass loss and pH [34] or even to fit the learning curve of expanded Panama Canal [35]. Figure 8 shows the role of each parameter in the asymptotic model trend.…”

“…Namely, if we assume that there are different populations for which the regression trends are different (although they follow the same model type), we can estimate the population effects apart from the model residuals. In this work, the application of the so-called mixed effect regression models allows us to estimate the effect of the concrete formulation on the degradation and compare the degradation paths [34][35][36][37][38].…”

“…All the above-mentioned techniques have been applied using R software [43], specifically the mgcv [39] (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mgcv/, accessed on 20 August 2021), ggplot2 [44] (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/, accessed on 20 August 2021), fda.usc [45] (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/fda.usc/, accessed on 20 August 2021), nlme [46], and stats [35,43] packages.…”

‘A novel model blah blah blah’

“…Fitri Trapsilawati et al ( 2021) study the integration of conflict resolution automation and vertical situation display for on-ground air traffic control operations. Carral et al (2021) modelled both the operative and routine learning curves in manoeuvres in locks and in transit in the expanded Panama Canal, and for this they monitored the whole of the canal continuously for 42 months of operation, to make sure the seasonality and different context are all factored in. Djani Mohovic (2021) reduces the risk of collision between ships in a close-quarters situation by simulating collision-avoidance actions.…”