Modelling the impact of variations in electrode manufacturing on lithium-ion battery modules

Lithium-ion cell-to-cell variation during battery electric vehicle operation

“…For the pristine state, cell-to-cell and lot-to-lot variation must be attributed to deviations in the production process, such as changes in the weight fraction of active materials or the thickness of electrodes [14,15]. Reducing the mixing or thickness tolerance leads to excessive manufacturing costs at a comparably low improvement of the cells' performance [14].…”

A multi time-scale state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation framework using nonlinear predictive filter for lithium-ion battery pack with passive balance control

“…However, in real world applications, in a battery pack there is some cell-to-cell variation due to manufacturing variability and inhomogeneous working environments (such as thermal imbalance) [21,22]. The cell-to-cell variation will become even larger as the cells age, which makes the unit cell model assumption unsuitable to represent battery pack.…”

Influence of connecting plate resistance upon LiFePO4 battery performance

“…Then these battery modules are assembled in series to achieve the required voltage in a HEV or an EV [4,5]. Due to the inconsistent manufacturing processes and the different operating temperatures, battery cell parameter variations cannot be neglected [6,7]. The methodical and technological analysis for the single battery cell cannot be used directly for the battery pack situation [8].…”