“…Various advanced constitutive models have been employed and tested. Some researchers used enhanced versions of Cam Clay, introducing isotropic damage (Puppi et al, 2018), influence of structure (Mendoza et al, 2014) or the subloading surface (Mendoza and Muniz de Farias, 2020). Others (Azevedo et al, 2006) have used the Lade's model and the discrete element modeling approach (Ibañez, 2008).…”