Modern Electrophysiology Mapping Techniques

Distinctive Patterns of Dominant Frequency Trajectory Behavior in Drug‐Refractory Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Preliminary Characterization of Spatiotemporal Instability

“…NCM relies on the concept of acquiring simultaneous endocardial electrical activity of the entire cavity without contact between the endocardium wall and electrodes from the MEA . The technique of using NCM with the MEA has previously been described and validated in published literature, in the context of sinus rhythm as well as arrhythmia in humans .…”

Quantitative localization of premature ventricular contractions using myocardial activation ECGI from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram

“…In this retrospective study, we used the ablation sites indicated on the electroanatomical maps 19 as the gold standard for the localization of the PVC origin using the 12 lead ECG. Because the 12-lead morphology of a PVC reflects the exit site, the ablation site does not necessarily coincide with the origin of the PVC and in cases of scar, these may be more spatially and anatomically alter this origin.…”

Feasibility of Near Real‐Time Lesion Assessment During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Humans Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging

“…To date, energy titration during RFA is largely empiric, relying on measurable variables such as ablation time, catheter tip temperature, power (watts), and ablation system impedance. However, these variables do not consistently predict lesion formation or size, and the gold standard for lesion assessment remains indirect via demonstration of conduction block and/or arrhythmia noninducibility . Measurement of the contact‐force between the catheter tip and the endocardial tissue is under investigation as an additional parametric predictor of RFA lesion formation, but cannot confirm actual lesion formation .…”