Modern Materials Used in the Reparative Regeneration of Bone Tissue of the Maxillofacial Region (Review)

Abstract

An urgent problem of modern implantology remains the development of means and methods for restoring the integrity of bone tissue when defects occur. An important aspect of the problem remains the validity of the choice of osteoplastic material. Despite the fairly successful use of various types of osteoplastic materials in clinical implantology for the closure of small bone defects, the treatment of large diastases remains a subject of debate and requires further search and testing of various osteoplastic materials. Aim of the study: to analyze specialized scientific literature and describe the characteristics of the most common osteoplastic materials for replacing bone tissue defects. Methodology. This literature review was based on 63 sources from the following databases: PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, Medscape, Elibrary, ResearchGate, Google Scholar. Results. A description of osteoinductive materials used to replace bone defects in modern clinical practice is presented: ceramics, biocomposites based on them, corals, synthetic bones, mesenchymal stem cell cultures, 3D printing, etc. Emphasis is placed on the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the literature, we can conclude that the problem of developing and introducing osteoplastic materials into clinical practice is a complex and multi-level area of joint activity of specialists in various fields. The most promising areas for further research are modifications of ceramic-based osteoplastic structures to increase their density, as well as additional cultivation of mesenchymal cells and 3D printing. However, these methods for replacing extensive bone tissue defects also need to be improved and new research conducted.