Modern Potentiometric Biosensing Based on Non‐Equilibrium Measurement Techniques

Abstract

Modern potentiometric sensors based on polymeric membrane ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) have achieved new breakthroughs in sensitivity, selectivity, and stability and extended applications in environmental surveillance, medical diagnostics, and industrial analysis. Moreover, nonclassical potentiometry shows promise for many applications and opens up new opportunities for potentiometric biosensing. Here, we aim to provide a concept to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of potentiometric biosensors with polymeric membrane ISEs. This concept articulates sensing mechanisms based on non‐equilibrium measurement techniques. In particular, we emphasize new trends in potentiometric biosensing based on attractive dynamic approaches. Representative examples are selected to illustrate key applications under zero‐current conditions and stimulus‐controlled modes. More importantly, fruitful information obtained from non‐equilibrium measurements with dynamic responses can be useful for artificial intelligence (AI). The combination of ISEs with advanced AI techniques for effective data processing is also discussed. We hope that the concept will illustrate the great possibilities offered by non‐equilibrium measurement techniques and AI in potentiometric biosensing and encourage further innovations in this exciting field.