Modern view on the germ and embryogenesis of the urinary organs

Abstract

Annotation. The literature is devoted to the analysis of scientific literature for the last 10 years from the electronic databases "PubMed" and "National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadsky", which are devoted to the study of the formation and development of organs and structures of the urinary system. The consequences of perinatal morphogenesis play the most essential role in the causes and contribution to many congenital malformations (CM), stillbirths, and infant morbidity. According to the Medical and Genetic Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, up to 3,000 cases of CM of various organs and systems are recorded annually among newborns in Ukraine. CM of the genitourinary system ranks 3rd in frequency, among which CM of the female genitalia is up to 6 %. These figures are somewhat subjective, as a certain percentage of pathology of the female reproductive system is detected only when a girl reaches childbearing age, which greatly complicates the choice of methods and effectiveness of treatment. The rapid development of the genitourinary system of the fetus requires morphologists to comprehensively study the patterns of morphogenesis and the development of topographic and anatomical relationships of the reproductive system and urinary tract in the early period of human ontogenesis. The problem of combining information about the structural organization of the urinary tract and genital system into a consolidated morphofunctional unit is one of the cardinal problems of perinatal urology. The final formation of the urogenital organs is as follows. The initial kidneys' replacement with the permanent ones, metanephros, begins to form, from the same nephrogenic cord that gave rise to the primary kidney. The proper permanent renal parenchyma develops from the nephrogenic cord (renal tubuli). From the 3rd month, the permanent kidneys replace the mesonephros as the excretory organs already function. Thus, the embryonic development of the genitals is closely related to the development of the urinary tract and kidneys. Therefore, the CM of these two systems often occurs together. Active introduction of perinatal prophylaxis of urogenital organs requires modern approaches and methods of examination of intrauterine life. Therefore, the complex of embryotopographic studies attains special significance, having combined the consideration of organically critical periods of development with the understanding of the peculiarities of the spatial relationships of organs and structures of the genitourinary system.