Modified Fe₃O₄ Magnetite Core@Shell Type Nanomaterials for Highly-Responsive LPG Sensing: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract

The present work focuses on synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetite core@shell type nanoparticles modified with three types of ligands: Magnetite with activated carbon (MAC), Magnetite with silica (tetraethoxysilane, TEOS, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, APTES) (MTA), and Magnetite with silica, APTES and humic acids (MTAH). The MTAH sample shows greater porosity in comparison to MTA, and MAC sample. The band gap of MTAH is 4.08 eV, which is higher than MTA (2.92 eV), and MAC (2.80 eV). Rietveld quantitative phase analysis of all derivatives was performed and compared for all three samples. The LPG sensing at room temperature shows the highest sensor response of 9.42, in comparison to 3.87 sensor response for MAC, and 4.60 for MTA. This approximately double sensor response increment is justified with the help of band gap, porosity, and size of all three the samples. The MTAH sample shows the lowest response-recovery time of 9.33 and 10.78 sec, respectively, in comparison to MAC and MTA samples.

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