Modified Nanodiamonds as a Means of Polymer Surface Functionalization. From Fouling Suppression to Biosensor Design

Abstract

The development of different methods for tuning surface properties is currently of great interest. The presented work is devoted to the use of modified nanodiamonds to control the wetting and biological fouling of polymers using optical sensors as an example. We have shown that, depending on the type of modification and the amount of nanodiamonds, the surface of the same fluorinated polymer can have both bactericidal properties and, on the contrary, good adhesion to the biomaterial. The precise control of wetting and biofouling properties of the surface was achieved by the optimization of the modified nanodiamonds thermal anchoring conditions. In vitro and in vivo tests have shown that the fixation of amine functional groups leads to inhibition of biological activity, while the presence of a large number of polar groups of mixed composition (amide and acid chloride) promotes adhesion of the biomaterial and allows one to create a biosensor on-site. A comprehensive study made it possible to establish that in the first 5 days the observed biosensor response is provided by cells adhered to the surface due to the cell wall interaction. On the 7th day, the cells are fixed by means of the polysaccharide matrix, which provides much better retention on the surface and a noticeably greater response to substrate injections. Nevertheless, it is important to note that even 1.5 h of incubation is sufficient for the formation of the reliable bioreceptor on the surface with the modified nanodiamonds. The approach demonstrated in this work makes it possible to easily and quickly isolate the microbiome on the surface of the sensor and perform the necessary studies of its substrate specificity or resistance to toxic effects.

Optical Oxygen Sensing and Clark Electrode: Face-to-Face in a Biosensor Case Study

“…Formerly, we have shown that the introduction of modified detonation nanodiamond (DND) into the surface of a sensor material makes it possible to significantly vary its wettability, making it possible to control the adhesion of the biomaterial [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The described approach was also applied in this work.…”

“…Preliminary studies have shown that it is DNDamine + chl in an amount of 4.6 × 10 −4 g·cm −2 that makes it possible to achieve maximum surface biofouling [ 38 , 39 ], which is exactly necessary for the formation of a stable bioreceptor. The process of nanodiamond anchorage to the surface layer has been studied in detail earlier [ 40 ].…”

Microbial Biosensors for Rapid Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Approaches, Tendencies and Development Prospects

“…The intensity of microbial respiration depends on the content of organic compounds in the analyzed sample, which are oxidized by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen [ 15 , 66 , 72 ]. The optical-type BOD biosensors are characterized by high sensitivity and stability; besides, they enable the creation of miniaturized sensors [ 65 , 72 , 73 ]. It is important to note that in the field of developing optical BOD analysis systems, there is also a tendency to use nanomaterials, e.g., nanodiamonds, to improve the characteristics and consumer properties of sensors [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

Design of Promising aza-BODIPYs for Bioimaging and Sensing

“…Synthetic and biogenic luminophores are actively used as sensors and markers of biological processes and conditions [3,4]. They can also be used in the design of biomimetic materials [5][6][7] or smart materials [8][9][10][11], allowing one to explore and adapt their properties for a specific task. Spectral techniques allow one to track the localization of functional molecules [12], determining the characteristics of their molecular environment [13] and, in some cases, detailing the mechanisms of the processes occurring in the organism [14].…”